盐湖卤水电化学提锂技术研究进展

doi:10.19964/j.issn.1006-4990.2024-0451

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着新能源汽车、电子产品及储能电池需求的增长，对锂资源的需求急剧上升。从盐湖卤水中提取锂不仅可缓解资源短缺，还有助于优化能源结构。电化学提锂技术因其高选择性、低能耗、多功能性及环境友好性，已成为研究焦点。综述了电化学提锂的最新进展，包括活性材料电极及电化学提锂系统。LiFePO₄、LiMn₂O₄及LiNi _x Co _y Mn_1-_x_-_y O₂电活性材料，因良好的选择性和吸附性能，获得了广泛的关注；但在高矿化度的实际卤水中，电活性材料的优化、改性及针对不同类型盐湖的设计仍是电化学提锂技术工业化进展中的关注重点。在系统设计方面，采用电容去离子（CDI）、电渗析（ED）、离子泵、电化学开关离子交换（ESIX）及摇椅式系统等，综合考虑成本、能耗与效率，体现了对经济与环保双重目标的考量，预示技术向可持续方向发展。

关键词: 电化学, 电活性物质, 提锂系统, 选择性

Abstract:

With the growth of demand for new energy vehicles，electronic products and energy storage batteries，the demand for lithium resources has risen sharply.Extracting lithium from salt lake brine can not only alleviate the shortage of resources，but also help optimize the energy structure.Electrochemical lithium extraction technology has become the focus of research because of its high selectivity，low energy consumption，versatility and environmental friendliness.The latest progress of electrochemical lithium extraction was reviewed，including active material electrode and electrochemical lithium extraction system.LiFePO₄，LiMn₂O₄ and LiNi _x Co _y Mn_1-_x_-_y O₂ electroactive materials had received extensive attention due to their good selectivity and adsorption properties.However，in the actual brine with high salinity，the optimization and modification of electroactive materials and the design of different types of salt lakes were still the focus of attention in the industrial progress of electrochemical lithium extraction technology.In terms of system design，the use of capacitive deionization（CDI），electrodialysis（ED），ion pumps，electrochemically switched ion exchange（ESIX），and rocking chair systems，comprehensive consideration of cost，energy consumption and efficiency，reflected the dual goals of economic and environmental protection，indicating the development of technology in the sustainable direction.

Key words: electrochemistry, electroactive substance, lithium extraction system, selectivity

中图分类号:

TQ131.11

李昌文, 詹鸿龙, 乔英钧, 石成龙, 钱志强. 盐湖卤水电化学提锂技术研究进展[J]. 无机盐工业, 2025, 57(7): 1-13.

LI Changwen, ZHAN Honglong, QIAO Yingjun, SHI Chenglong, QIAN Zhiqiang. Research progress of electrochemical extraction of lithium from salt lake brine[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2025, 57(7): 1-13.

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电极材料	吸附容量/ （mg·g^-1）	分离因子	容量保留率/循环次数	能耗/ （W·h·mol^-1）
LiMn₂O₄^［39］	4.85	—	70%/30	—
B-LMO^［40］	20.60	—	87%/30	15.2
H_1.6Mn_1.6O₄^［37］	34.40	—	86%/5	—
Cr-LiMn₂O₄^［41］	21.85	—	99%/100	2.16
AlZr-LMO^［42］	49.92	—	58%/30	—
ZnO-rLMO^［43］	13.12	—	—	—
PPy/Al₂O₃/LMO^［44］	12.84	—	92%/30	—
PDA-C@HMO^［45］	65.60	—	90%/10	—
PAA-CP-LMO^［46］	24.70	—	84%/30	—
GO/La-LMO^［47］	9.23	126（Li/Mg）	83%/100	—
LiNi_0.05Mn_1.95O₄^［48］	25.87	—	100%/5	13.42
LiFePO₄^［24］	14.62	210.5（Li/Na）	60%/13	0.11
LiFePO₄^［26］	14.50	188.68（Li/Na）	80%/5	—
Li_0.3FePO₄^［27］	25.00	138.00（Li/Na）	90%/100	—
PEG/LiFePO₄^［31］	35.20	—	91%/60	—
LFP/rGO^［33］	36.78	—	90%/8	—
PEG/LiFePO₄^［34］	27.30	—	86%/100	—
Li_1-_x Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂^［51］	10.83	32.18（Li/Na）	—	2.60
LiNi_0.025Co_0.025Mn_1.95O₂^［52］	12.91	—	98%/50	2.12
rGO/LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂^［53］	13.84	—	81%/30	1.40

系统类型	技术特点	优势	劣势
电容去离子（CDI）	通过电极吸附溶液中的Li⁺，改变电压实现Li⁺的吸附和释放	能耗低、操作简单、环境友好；适用于低浓度锂盐溶液	对高浓度的锂盐溶液吸附效率低；受到电极材料和寿命限制
电渗析（ED）	通过离子交换膜在电场作用下分离Li⁺	可连续操作和规模化生产；较高的锂回收率和纯度	膜的污染和寿命问题；较高的能耗和运营成本
离子泵	通过电场直接高精度控制Li⁺的迁移，适用于高纯度锂产品的应用	对Li⁺选择性高；提锂纯度高	技术复杂；成本高
电化学开关离子交换（ESIX）	结合了电化学和离子交换的优点，利用电场控制离子交换材料的吸附和释放Li⁺	可实现高效Li⁺回收，减少化学试剂的使用	技术相对新颖，需进一步研究和优化
摇椅式系统	通过摇动增强电极和溶液间的物质传递，实现小规模锂提取	强化处理效率、适合动态操作；可应对复杂的锂盐溶液成分	设备成本和维护要求高；摇动机制可能影响设备稳定性

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