无机盐晶须的制备以及应用研究进展

doi:10.19964/j.issn.1006-4990.2021-0755

Abstract

Abstract:

Inorganic salt whiskers are a kind of fiber with a length?diameter ratio grown under artificial controllable conditions，which has the characteristics of high strength，high modulus，stable chemical properties，easy to combine with matrix.It is widely used in papermaking，building materials，polymer materials and other fields.The growth mechanism of inorganic salt whiskers，common types of inorganic salt whiskers，preparation methods and application range were mainly introduced.The preparation methods of inorganic salt whiskers were mainly introduced，including gas phase method，solid phase method and liquid phase method.Among them，liquid phase method was a common method to prepare inorganic salt whiskers，which was mainly introduced from hydrothermal synthesis method，carbonization method，atmospheric acidification method and sol-gel method.Secondly，the applications of inorganic whisker in flame retardant materials，building materials，composite materials and friction materials were introduced，and it was pointed out that the action mechanism of whiskers on composites was mainly reflected in four aspects：load transfer，crack bridging，crack deflection and pull?out effect.Finally，it was pointed out that the preparation and application of inorganic salt whiskers were still in the laboratory stage at present，and there were still some problems in the preparation and application of inorganic salt whiskers，such as high energy consumption，uneven product morphology，low yield，complex equipment and poor industrialization degree.Therefore，the development of low cost and low energy consumption preparation method was still the main urgent problem to be solved.

Key words: inorganic salt whisker, crystallization, nucleation, composites, growth mechanism

CLC Number:

TQ115

WANG Xiaoqian,SONG Huiping,XUE Fangbin. Research progress on preparation and application of inorganic salt whiskers[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2022, 54(8): 20-32.

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晶须种类	密度/ （g·cm^-3）	莫氏硬度	抗拉强度/GPa	熔点/ ℃	平均直径/μm	平均长度/μm
Mg（OH）₂	2.36	—	0.9~1.3	—	0.1~4	5~100
MgSO₄	2.30	—	0.4	—	＜1	10~60
CaCO₃	2.80	3	—	759	0.5~2	20~80
CaSO₄	2.69	3~4	2.05	1 450	1~8	30~200

体系	合成条件	长径比	晶须形貌
盐酸体系	盐酸浓度3.7 mol/L，浸出温度70 ℃	25~80	图12a^［43］
	盐酸浓度2.8 mol/L，反应温度70 ℃	30.5	图12b^［44］
	质量浓度0.10 g/mL、反应温度90 ℃、盐酸浓度5 mol/L、反应时间3 h	3~8	图12c^［45］
硫酸体系	温度50 ℃，搅拌速度为250 r/min，沉淀时间为1 h，硫酸浓度为30.8%	15	图12d^［46］
硫酸体系	浆料质量分数2%，反应温度75 ℃，H₂SO₄浓度2.5 mol/L，反应时间3.5 h	150	图12e^［47］
硫酸-硝酸钙体系	H₂SO₄滴加速率为10 mL/min，搅拌速率100 r/min，反应时间30 min	93.5	图12f^［48］

制备方法		优点	缺点
气相法^［28］		纯度高，晶须完整性好	生长缓慢，影响因素多、不宜工业化
固相法^［33］		原料预处理简单	产物形貌不均匀，工艺复杂，原料混合物粒径要求高，温度要求严苛
液相法	水热合成法^［37-40］	纯度高，后续不需进一步烧结	产量低，设备复杂，不适宜工业化
	碳化法^［41-42］	工艺简单，能耗低，适合工业化生产	过程需要引进晶型控制剂，易引进杂质
	常压酸化法^［44-49］	成本较低，易于工业化生产	含酸废液对设备腐蚀性大、处理成本高
	溶胶-凝胶法^［51］	易于控制晶型形貌，产品均匀性好	易引进杂质

基体	晶须掺量（质量分数）/%	研究结果
水泥砂浆^［12］	3%~4%氢氧化镁晶须	改善压缩和弯曲强度具有填充效果
氯化镁水泥^［13］	3% 153型碱式硫酸镁晶须	28 d抗折强度为25.14 MPa，线性收缩率降低45.71%
水泥砂浆^［14］	6%硫酸钙晶须	抗折强度和抗压强度增加8.7%和8.8%
水泥基材料^［58］	10%碳酸钙晶须	抗折强度提高近40%
沥青结合料^［59-60］	7%~11%硫酸钙晶须	改善沥青抗车辙能力、热稳定性、粘温特性、低温性能
磷建筑石膏^［61］	2%~5%硫酸钙晶须	降低磷建筑石膏孔隙度
碳氟涂料^［62］	8%硫酸钙晶须	提高碳氟涂料的耐水性和耐腐蚀性
水泥砂浆^［63］	5%~10%碳酸钙晶须	提升抗压强度和抗折强度
水泥浆体^［64］	10%碳酸钙晶须	7 d抗拉强度、抗压强度提高62.3%和47%，弹性模量降低41.7%

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Research progress on preparation and application of inorganic salt whiskers

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