铝灰的回收处理及资源化利用研究现状

doi:10.11962/1006-4990.2019-0545

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

铝灰是铝工业生产过程中产生的有害固体废物,每年的产生量达到上百万吨。铝灰的大量堆积会引起严重的环境与公共安全问题。铝灰中含有较多的金属铝及其氧化物、氮化物,综合回收利用铝灰对减少环境压力、提升铝行业的经济效益具有重要意义。阐述了铝灰的火法和湿法处理工艺,通过比较得出无盐火法工艺和湿法工艺是值得开发的工艺。介绍了铝灰在耐火材料、陶瓷产品、氢气制备以及工程材料等领域的综合利用现状及研究进展。指出在进一步巩固和发展铝灰原有的高附加值资源化利用的同时,应加强对铝灰处理过程中产生的气体的利用。建议根据铝灰的特性进一步开发新的资源化利用方向。

关键词: 铝灰, 固体废物, 资源化利用

Abstract:

Aluminum dross is a harmful solid waste generated in the production process of aluminum industry,and the annual output reaches millions of tons.The massive accumulation of aluminum dross can cause serious environmental and public safety problems.The aluminum dross contains metal aluminum and its oxides and nitrides.Therefore,this is an great significance thing that comprehensive recycling of aluminum dross for reducing environmental pressure and improving the economic benefits of the aluminum industry.The pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy processes for aluminum dross were expounded.It was concluded that the salt-free technologies and the hydrometallurgical were more promising.The comprehensive utilization status and research progress of aluminum dross in the fields of refractory materials,ceramic products,hydrogen preparation and engineering materials were introduced.It was pointed out that while further consolidating and developing the original high value-added resource utilization,the utilization of gas generated in the process of aluminum dross treatment was strengthened,and it was suggested to further develop new resource utilization directions based on the characteristics of aluminum dross.

Key words: aluminum dross, solid waste, resource utilization

中图分类号:

TQ133.1

石志平, 姜澜, 杨洪亮, 张靖宙, 付高峰. 铝灰的回收处理及资源化利用研究现状[J]. 无机盐工业, 2020, 52(9): 21-25.

Shi Zhiping, Jiang Lan, Yang Hongliang, Zhang Jingzhou, Fu Gaofeng. Research status of recycling and resource utilization of aluminum dross[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2020, 52(9): 21-25.

图/表 1

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工艺名称	工艺特点	金属回收率	备注
Alurec工艺	将氧和燃料通过喷嘴吹扫到旋转炉中,炉温可达到1 000 ℃,金属铝沉积在炉底部,可直接与渣分离	80%	丹麦AGA公司开发
Droscar工艺	直流电为熔炉供电,利用电弧辐射的能量加热,通入氩气,在700~750 ℃ 炉料熔化后,在机械搅拌下分离金属铝,留下残渣	70%~80%	加拿大Hydro-Quebec公司开发
Alcan工艺	使用等离子体焰炬为外加高温热源,将炉料的温度提高到700~800 ℃,操作时通过炉子的旋转导致氧化层破裂,分离铝和渣	85%	加拿大Alcan处理厂采用
Drosrite工艺	热铝灰加入到旋转炉中,在氩气吹扫保护下翻滚15~30 min,回收金属铝,整个过程不需要外部热源,仅通过控制氧气量来维持700~800 ℃,残留物的放热反应提供必要的热量	黑渣约为40%, 白渣约为60%	PyroGenesis公司开发
Ecocent工艺	将热铝渣加入到转炉中,调整铝渣的温度和粘度,调整合适后将热铝灰迅速倒入离心机中,热铝渣在离心力的作用下实现铝液和残渣的分离,热渣提供了熔渣中可提取铝熔化所需的能量	80%以上	澳大利亚Focon公司开发
压榨工艺	将800 ℃铝渣加入机器,并施15 MPa压力使夹杂的金属铝被迅速挤压和汇集,铝液流向下层容器被收集	62.5%	美国Altek公司开发

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