退役锂离子电池电化学还原浸出及热力学研究

doi:10.19964/j.issn.1000-4990.2022-0389

无机盐工业 ›› 2022, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (12): 34-43.doi: 10.19964/j.issn.1000-4990.2022-0389

退役锂离子电池电化学还原浸出及热力学研究

何婷^1,^2,³(),孔娇^1,^2,³,崔景植⁴,陈志豪⁴,付彤彤⁴,郭子睿⁴,顾帅^1,^2,³(),于建国^1,^2,³()

1.华东理工大学国家盐湖资源综合利用工程技术研究中心，上海 200237
2.华东理工大学资源过程工程教育部工程研究中心
3.华东理工大学钾锂战略资源国际联合实验室
4.华东理工大学化工学院

收稿日期:2022-06-27 出版日期:2022-12-10 发布日期:2022-12-19
通讯作者: 顾帅,于建国
作者简介:何婷（1999— ），女，在读硕士，研究方向为退役锂离子电池回收；E-mail：y30210153@mail.ecust.edu.cn。
基金资助:
上海市自然科学基金(22ZR141580020);盐湖联合基金(U20A20142);上海市青年科技英才扬帆计划项目(21YF1409000)

Study on leaching and thermodynamic of spent lithium-ion batteries with electrochemical reduction

HE Ting^1,^2,³(),KONG Jiao^1,^2,³,CUI Jingzhi⁴,CHEN Zhihao⁴,FU Tongtong⁴,GUO Zirui⁴,GU Shuai^1,^2,³(),YU Jianguo^1,^2,³()

1. National Engineering Research Center for Integrated Utilization of Salt Lake Resources，East China University of Science and Technology，Shanghai 200237，China
2. Engineering Research Center of Salt Lake Resources Process Engineering，Ministry of Education，East China University of Science and Technology
3. Joint International Laboratory for Potassium and Lithium Strategic Resources，East China University of Science and Technology
4. School of Chemical Engineering，East China University of Science and Technology

Received:2022-06-27 Online:2022-12-10 Published:2022-12-19
Contact: GU Shuai,YU Jianguo

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来锂离子电池的需求量快速增长，产生了大量退役锂离子电池（LIBs）。回收退役LIBs对保障中国的清洁能源安全具有重要意义。电化学浸出退役LIBs正极材料是一种绿色经济的回收方法。目前，电化学法回收退役LIBs存在浸出时间长、电流效率低、槽压高的问题。基于此，提出了一种牺牲阳极的电化学还原回收退役LIBs的方法。该方法以退役LIBs正极材料为阴极，以铜板为阳极，在盐酸体系下进行电化学浸出。在最佳条件下锂离子和钴离子的浸出率均达到99.9%、电流效率高达99.8%、槽压小于0.427 V。使用基于Eh-pH和Matlab的热力学计算方法，对电化学还原浸出体系进行了热力学研究。研究结果表明，温度升高，配合物种类增多、配位物种占比增大，有助于浸出反应平衡正向移动。

关键词: 退役锂离子电池, 电化学回收, 热力学, 槽压

Abstract:

In recent years，the rapid increase of lithium-ion batteries（LIBs） demand has produced an enormous amount of spent LIBs.The recovery of spent LIBs is of great significance to securing clean energy in China.Electrochemical leaching of spent LIBs cathode materials is a green and economical method.At present，the recycling of spent LIBs with electrochemical methods are suffered from long leaching time，low current efficiency，and high cell voltage.Based on this，an electrochemical reduction for recycling of spent LIBs by sacrificing anodes was proposed.In the diluted hydrochloric acid solution，electrochemical leaching experiments were carried out with spent LIBs cathode materials as the cathodes and copper plates as the anodes.The leaching efficiencies were 99.9% for Li⁺ and Co²⁺，the current efficiency was up to 99.8%，and the cell voltage was less than 0.427 V under optimum conditions.The thermodynamic calculation methods based on Eh-pH and Matlab were utilized to study the electrochemical reduction leaching process，and the results showed that higher temperature，more complex species and more coordination species contributed to the positive shift of leaching reaction balance.

Key words: spent lithium-ion batteries, electrochemical recycling, thermodynamics, cell voltage

中图分类号:

TQ131.11

何婷,孔娇,崔景植,陈志豪,付彤彤,郭子睿,顾帅,于建国. 退役锂离子电池电化学还原浸出及热力学研究[J]. 无机盐工业, 2022, 54(12): 34-43.

HE Ting,KONG Jiao,CUI Jingzhi,CHEN Zhihao,FU Tongtong,GUO Zirui,GU Shuai,YU Jianguo. Study on leaching and thermodynamic of spent lithium-ion batteries with electrochemical reduction[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2022, 54(12): 34-43.

图/表 13

表1

表2

表3

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

表4

图7

表5

图8

参考文献 50

1	WANG Yuqing, AN Ning, WEN Lei, et al. Recent progress on the recycling technology of Li-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2021, 55: 391-419.
2	CHANG Xin, FAN Min, GU Chaofan, et al. Selective extraction of transition metals from spent LiNi _x Co _y Mn_1- _x_- _y O₂ cathode via regulation of coordination environment[J]. Angewandte Chemie, 2022, 134(24).Doi：10.1002/ange.202202558 . doi: 10.1002/ange.202202558
3	ZHAO Yunze, LIU Bingguo, ZHANG Libo, et al. Microwave pyrolysis of macadamia shells for efficiently recycling lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2020, 396.Doi：10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122740 . doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122740
4	XIAO Hougui, JI Guanjun, YE Long, et al. Efficient regeneration and reutilization of degraded graphite as advanced anode for lithi-um-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2021, 888.Doi：10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161593 . doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161593
5	LI Jun, LAI Yiming, ZHU Xianqing, et al. Pyrolysis kinetics and reaction mechanism of the electrode materials during the spent LiCoO₂ batteries recovery process[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2020, 398.Doi：10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122955 . doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122955
6	FAN Ersha, LI Li, WANG Zhenpo, et al. Sustainable recycling technology for Li-ion batteries and beyond：Challenges and future prospects[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2020, 120(14)：7020-7063.
7	CHEN Dongdong, RAO Shuai, WANG Dongxing, et al. Synergistic leaching of valuable metals from spent Li-ion batteries using sulfuric acid-l-ascorbic acid system[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 388.Doi：10.1016/j.cej.2020.124321 . doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.124321
8	钟雪虎, 陈玲玲, 韩俊伟, 等. 废旧锂离子电池资源现状及回收利用[J]. 工程科学学报, 2021, 43(2)：161-169.
	ZHONG Xuehu, CHEN Lingling, HAN Junwei, et al. Overview of present situation and technologies for the recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering, 2021, 43(2)：161-169.
9	XIAO Jiefeng, NIU Bo, SONG Qingming, et al. Novel targetedly extracting lithium：An environmental-friendly controlled chlorinating technology and mechanism of spent lithium ion batteries reco-very[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021, 404.Doi：10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020123947 . doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020123947
10	XIAO Jiefeng, GAO Ruitong, NIU Bo, et al. Study of reaction characteristics and controlling mechanism of chlorinating conversion of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021, 407.Doi：10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124704 . doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124704
11	XIAO Jiefeng, NIU Bo, XU Zhenming. Highly efficient selective recovery of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries by thermal reduction with cheap ammonia reagent[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021, 418.Doi：10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126319 . doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126319
12	HU Xianfeng, MOUSA E, TIAN Yang, et al. Recovery of Co，Ni，Mn，and Li from Li-ion batteries by smelting reduction-Part I：A laboratory-scale study[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2021, 483.Doi：10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228936 . doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228936
13	HU Xianfeng, MOUSA E, YE Guozhu. Recovery of Co，Ni，Mn，and Li from Li-ion batteries by smelting reduction-Part Ⅱ：A pilot-scale demonstration[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2021, 483.Doi：10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.229089 . doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.229089
14	TANG Yiqi, QU Xin, ZHANG Beilei, et al. Recycling of spent lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxides via a low-temperature ammonium sulfation roasting approach[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 279.Doi：10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123633 . doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123633
15	HOREH N B, MOUSAVI S M, SHOJAOSADATI S A. Bioleaching of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion mobile phone batteries using Aspergillus Niger[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 320: 257-266.
16	JEGAN ROY J, SRINIVASAN M, CAO Bin. Bioleaching as an eco-friendly approach for metal recovery from spent NMC-based lithium-ion batteries at a high pulp density[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2021, 9(8)：3060-3069.
17	XING Lei, BAO Jieru, ZHOU Shiyu, et al. Ultra-fast leaching of critical metals from spent lithium-ion batteries cathode materials achieved by the synergy-coordination mechanism[J]. Chemi-cal Engineering Journal, 2021, 420.Doi：10.1016/j.cej.2021.129593 . doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.129593
18	LI Li, ZHAI Longyu, ZHANG Xiaoxiao, et al. Recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by ultrasonic-assisted leaching process[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 262: 380-385.
19	GU Shuai, KONG Jiao, XING Lei, et al. Insights into the coordination enhanced leaching mechanism of spent lithium-ion batteries cathode materials[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2022, 10(3).Doi：10.1016/j.jece.2022.107745 . doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2022.107745
20	LI Shuzhen, WU Xin, JIANG Youzhou, et al. Novel electrochemically driven and internal circulation process for valuable metals recycling from spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Waste Management, 2021, 136: 18-27.
21	JANG Y, HOU C H, PARK S, et al. Direct electrochemical lithium recovery from acidic lithium-ion battery leachate using intercalation electrodes[J]. Resources，Conservation and Recycling, 2021, 175.Doi：10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105837 . doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105837
22	赵鹏飞, 尹晓莹, 满瑞林. 电解法在废旧锂电池浸出过程中的应用[J]. 中国有色冶金, 2014, 43(5)：73-78.
	ZHAO Pengfei, YIN Xiaoying, MAN Ruilin. Application of electrolytic method in spent Li-ion battery leaching process[J]. China Nonferrous Metallurgy, 2014, 43(5)：73-78.
23	MENG Qi, ZHANG Yingjie, DONG Peng. Use of electrochemical cathode-reduction method for leaching of cobalt from spent lithi-um-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 180: 64-70.
24	ZHOU Siyuan, ZHANG Yingjie, MENG Qi, et al. Recycling of spent LiCoO₂ materials by electrolytic leaching of cathode electrode plate[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2021, 9(1).Doi：10.1016/j.jece.2020.104789 . doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.104789
25	DANG Sen, HOU Wei, MIN Yulin, et al. Electro-oxidation：A win-win strategy for the selective recovery of Li⁺ from spent lithium-ion batteries and the preparation of highly active catalysts[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 435.Doi：10.1016/j.cej.2022.135169 . doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.135169
26	LV Hong, HUANG Haijian, HUANG Cheng, et al. Electric field driven de-lithiation：A strategy towards comprehensive and efficient recycling of electrode materials from spent lithium ion batteries[J]. Applied Catalysis B：Environmental, 2021, 283.Doi：10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119634 . doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119634
27	LIU Kui, YANG Shenglong, LAI Feiyan, et al. Innovative electrochemical strategy to recovery of cathode and efficient lithium leaching from spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 2020, 3(5)：4767-4776.
28	ZHANG Beilei, QU Xin, QU Jiakang, et al. A paired electrolysis approach for recycling spent lithium iron phosphate batteries in an undivided molten salt cell[J]. Green Chemistry, 2020, 22(24)：8633-8641.
29	HUA Yunhui, XU Zhenghe, ZHAO Baojun, et al. Electric potential-determined redox intermediates for effective recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Green Chemistry, 2022, 24(9)：3723-3735.
30	LV Weiguang, RUAN Dingshan, ZHENG Xiaohong, et al. One-step recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries and synthesis of persulfate through paired electrolysis[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 421.Doi：10.1016/j.cej.2021.129908 . doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.129908
31	MIGDISOV A A, ZEZIN D, WILLIAMS-JONES A E. An experimental study of Cobalt（Ⅱ） complexation in Cl^- and H₂S-bearing hydrothermal solutions[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2011, 75(14)：4065-4079.
32	PAN Pujing, SUSAK N J. Co（Ⅱ）-chloride and-bromide complexes in aqueous solutions up to 5 m NaX and 90 ℃：Spectrophotometric study and geological implications[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1989, 53(2)：327-341.
33	LIU Weihua, BORG S J, TESTEMALE D, et al. Speciation and thermodynamic properties for cobalt chloride complexes in hydrothermal fluids at 35~440 ℃ and 600 bar：An in situ XAS study[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2011, 75(5)：1227-1248.
34	HUANG T C, TSAI T H. Extraction equilibrium of cobalt（Ⅱ） from sulphate solutions by di（2-etrylhexyl）phosphoric acid dissolved in kerosene[J]. Polyhedron, 1990, 9(9)：1147-1153.
35	GU Shuai, ZHANG Liang, FU Bitian, et al. Recycling of mixed lithium-ion battery cathode materials with spent lead-acid battery electrolyte with the assistance of thermodynamic simulations[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020, 266.Doi：10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121827 . doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121827
36	WANG Mengmeng, ZHANG Congcong, ZHANG Fushen. An environmental benign process for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries by mechanochemical approach[J]. Waste Management, 2016, 51: 239-244.
37	赵中伟, 霍广生. Li-Mn-H₂O系热力学分析[J]. 中国有色金属学报, 2004, 14(11)：1926-1933.
	ZHAO Zhongwei, HUO Guangsheng. Thermodynamic analysis of Li-Mn-H₂O system[J]. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 2004, 14(11)：1926-1933.
38	文士美, 赵中伟, 霍广生. Li-Co-H₂O系热力学分析及E-pH图[J]. 电源技术, 2005, 29(7)：423-426.
	WEN Shimei, ZHAO Zhongwei, HUO Guangsheng. Thermodynamic analysis and potential-pH diagrams of Li-Co-H₂O system[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2005, 29(7)：423-426.
39	郭持皓, 赵中伟, 霍广生. Li-Ni-H₂O系的热力学分析[J]. 电源技术, 2005, 29(6)：376-379.
	GUO Chihao, ZHAO Zhongwei, HUO Guangsheng. Thermodyna-mic analysis on Li-Ni-H₂O system[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2005, 29(6)：376-379.
40	WANG Hongmin, LI Mengran, GARG S, et al. Cobalt electroche-mical recovery from lithium cobalt oxides in deep eutectic choline Chloride+Urea solvents[J]. ChemSusChem, 2021, 14(14)：2972-2983.
41	PRABAHARAN G, BARIK S P, KUMAR N, et al. Electrochemical process for electrode material of spent lithium ion batteries[J]. Waste Management, 2017, 68: 527-533.
42	HE Lipo, SUN Shuying, SONG Xingfu, et al. Leaching process for recovering valuable metals from the LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ cathode of lithium-ion batteries[J]. Waste Management, 2017, 64: 171- 181.
43	HE Yaqun, ZHANG Tao, WANG Fangfang, et al. Recovery of LiCoO₂ and graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries by Fenton reagent-assisted flotation[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017, 143: 319-325.
44	MAY M, KUO J, TAN C T. Vacuum electrolysis reactor technique for quantitation of 13-carbon isotope enrichment at the C1-position of formic acid and acetic acid[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2004, 76(18)：5313-5318.
45	NAIR S M K, JAMES C. Numerical data for the commonly used solid-state reaction equations[J]. Thermochimica Acta, 1985, 83(2)：387-389.
46	DICKINSON C F, HEAL G R. Solid-liquid diffusion controlled rate equations[J]. Thermochimica Acta, 1999, 340-341: 89- 103.
47	LI Li, FAN Ersha, GUAN Yibiao, et al. Sustainable recovery of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries using lactic acid leaching system[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2017, 5(6)：5224-5233.
48	FEAR C, JUAREZ-ROBLES D, JEEVARAJAN J A, et al. Elucidating copper dissolution phenomenon in Li-ion cells under overdischarge extremes[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2018, 165(9)：A1639-A1647.
49	CIFUENTES G, HERNÁNDEZ J, GUAJARDO N. Recovering scrap anode copper using reactive electrodialysis[J]. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2014, 5(15)：1020-1027.
50	KOGA T, NONAKA K, SAKATA Y, et al. Electrochemical formation and accumulation of Cu（Ⅰ） in copper sulfate electroplating solution[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2018, 165(10)：D423-D426.

阴极材料	阳极材料	浸出机理	浸出率/%	槽压/V
剥离铝箔，退役LiCoO₂通过导电胶粘接在Pt片上	Pt片	阴极：LiCoO₂+4H⁺+e^-=Li⁺+Co²⁺+2H₂O 2H⁺+2e^-=H₂ 阳极：2H₂O-4e^-=4H⁺+O₂	Li：94.2 Co：90.5	8^[23]
带有铝箔的圆形退役LiCoO₂	Pt片	阴极：LiCoO₂+4H⁺+e^-=Li⁺+Co²⁺+2H₂O 2H⁺+2e^-=H₂ 阳极：2H₂O-4e^-=4H⁺+O₂	Li：98.1 Co：97.4	8^[24]
碳布（2 cm×5 cm）	LiNi _x Co _y Mn _z O₂（NCM）（2 cm×5 cm）	阴极：4H⁺+4e^-=2H₂ 阳极：LiNi _x Co _y Mn _z O₂-εe^-=εLi⁺+Li_1-_ε Ni _x Co _y Mn _z O₂ 4OH^--4e^-=O₂+2H₂O	Li：98.7 选择性：99.2	4^[25]
钛网	退役LIBs正极材料涂覆在碳纤维布上	阴极：δH⁺+δe^-=1/2δH₂ δH₂O=δH⁺+δOH^- 阳极：LiNi _x Co _y Mn _z O₂=δLi⁺+Li_1-_δ Ni _x Co _y Mn _z O₂+δe^-	Li：99.7	2^[26]
Pt片	退役LIBs正极材料（2 cm×5 cm）	阴极：4H⁺+4e^-=2H₂ 阳极：2H₂O-4e^-=4H⁺+O₂ LiNi _x Co _y Mn _z O₂=δLi⁺+Li_1-_δ Ni _x Co _y Mn _z O₂+δe^- 4OH^--4e^-=O₂+2H₂O	Li，Co，Ni，Mn：＞98.0	25^[27]

组分	各组分质量分数		元素	各组分中主要元素质量分数
组分	质量分数/%	误差/%	元素	质量分数/%	误差/%
Co₃O₄	96.40	0.110	Co	70.80	0.080
F	1.57	0.420	F	1.57	0.420
Al₂O₃	0.15	0.008	Al	0.08	0.040
MnO	0.05	0.002	Mn	0.04	0.002
NiO	0.02	0.005	Ni	0.02	0.005
其他	1.82	—	—	—	—

温度/ K	Li		Co
温度/ K	k	R²	k	R²
303	0.076	0.999	0.085	0.999
323	0.138	0.982	0.151	0.994
343	0.182	0.986	0.186	0.996
363	0.323	0.999	0.264	0.997

元素名称	质量分数/%	物质的量分数/%
C	79.40	84.70
O	11.10	8.85
F	9.59	6.47

[1]	刘治国,张娜,陈川,徐显朕. 水盐体系汽液平衡的热力学模型研究[J]. 无机盐工业, 2021, 53(8): 55-59.
[2]	梁宁,莫福金,周街荣,王军正. 污泥生物炭制备及其对磷的吸附性能研究[J]. 无机盐工业, 2021, 53(6): 174-179.
[3]	李非,周建敏,李铖钰,徐文涛,张昕玥,李欣伟,王军,纪志永,赵颖颖,郭小甫,袁俊生. 氯化铵转化新工艺的机理及条件探究[J]. 无机盐工业, 2021, 53(3): 48-53.
[4]	梁成波,解田,杨林,何兵兵. 磷酸分解磷矿过程中金属元素的浸出规律研究[J]. 无机盐工业, 2021, 53(11): 49-54.
[5]	刘珏欣,郑承刚,叶世超. 磷酸二氢钾结晶热力学数据的测定及应用研究[J]. 无机盐工业, 2021, 53(1): 62-64.
[6]	王浩浩,笪涛,叶世超. 氯化铵结晶过程实验研究[J]. 无机盐工业, 2020, 52(4): 49-52.
[7]	朱慧霞,张婷,韩琮,孙丽娜,李玲. 钾长石负载二氧化锰对Ni ²⁺的吸附性能研究[J]. 无机盐工业, 2020, 52(1): 44-48.
[8]	李颖,陈侠,苗淑兰,廖恩鑫. 磷钨酸铵复合材料对铷铯吸附性能的研究[J]. 无机盐工业, 2019, 51(6): 34-37.
[9]	蒋兵, 许盛, 张志业, 王辛龙, 杨林, 杨秀山, 孔行健. 不同气氛对硫铁矿和硫酸亚铁反应的影响研究[J]. 无机盐工业, 2016, 48(8): 35-.
[10]	罗蜀峰, 付全军, 马先林, 陈伟, 张志业, 王辛龙, 杨林, 盛勇. 硫铁矿还原磷石膏反应热力学分析[J]. 无机盐工业, 2016, 48(4): 57-.
[11]	石勤, 黄雪莉. 钡十字沸石吸附K+的热力学模拟及动力学实验[J]. 无机盐工业, 2016, 48(11): 12-.
[12]	. 氧化锌工艺浸取过程氧化锌-氨-碳酸氢铵-水体系热力学分析*[J]. 无机盐工业, 2015, 47(6): 30-.
[13]	孙冲, 陈学安, 常新安, 肖卫强, 王少华, 陈延军. 尾矿砂的酸溶特性与镍的浸出研究[J]. 无机盐工业, 2013, 45(8): 49-.
[14]	康启宇, 丁伟杰, 肖文德, 阎建民, 罗漫. 硅和四氯化硅耦合加氢反应体系的热力学分析[J]. 无机盐工业, 2012, 44(11): 26-.
[15]	佟志芳;李艳龙;杨光华;康立武. 碳化法制备氧化锌前躯体热力学分析及其产物表征[J]. 无机盐工业, 2010, 0(5): 0-0.

首页

全国无机盐信息中心

中国化工学会

无机酸碱盐专业委员会

退役锂离子电池电化学还原浸出及热力学研究

Study on leaching and thermodynamic of spent lithium-ion batteries with electrochemical reduction

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 13

参考文献 50

相关文章 15

Metrics

本文评价

推荐阅读 0

首 页

退役锂离子电池电化学还原浸出及热力学研究

Study on leaching and thermodynamic of spent lithium-ion batteries with electrochemical reduction

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

可视化

引用本文

使用本文

首页