Fig.1

Practical specific energies for some rechargeable batteries[2] "

Fig.2

Adsorption capacity of common compounds to Li2S6（3 mmol/L）[18] "

Fig.3

Schematic of titanium based compounds in inhibiting shuttle effect（a） physical confinement,（b） chemical adsorption,and（c）ca-talytic conversion;（d）Reaction kinetics of lithium sulfur batteries[27] "

Table 1

Electrochemical performance of titanium-based compound lithium-sulfur battery"

Fig.4

（a） FTIR spectra and（b） Raman spectra of neat α-TiO2, Li2S4,and α-TiO2/Li2S4[31];Adsorption models of the S42- upon the（001） crystal plane of the anatase TiO2（c）[41];Schematic of the synthetic process and characterization of sulfur-TiO2 yolk-shell nanostructures and SEM images（d）[10];Schematic diagram of the preparation process of TiO2-x with hollow spherical shell structure（e）[28] "

Fig.5

Schematic showing the electron density transfer bet-ween Li2S4 and TiOx（a）;Lithium polysulfide adsorption test：1—Li2S4 solution with nothing;2—with graphite;3—with VC carbon;4—with Ti4O7（b）;XPS S 2p spectra of Li2S4,Li2S4/VC carbon and Li2S4/Ti4O7（c）;Distribution of sulphur species upon discharge determined by operando XANES（d）[23];DFT analysis of the adsorption of S species on TiO2（110） and Ti4O7（1-21） surfaces（e）[48] "

Fig.6

Transmission rate of lithium ions after TiN,TiN-O,TiO2 loaded on OMC（a）[36];Li2S4 bond length calculation results on TiN-H2S surface（b）[35];Schematic of the fabrication of the 3DNG/TiN（c）[25] "

Fig.7

Diagram of the reduction mechanism of lithium polysulfide on the conductive polar compound TiC（a）;Calculation results of ad-sorption energy of Li2S and Li2S4 on TiC（100） and graphene（b）;Cycling performance of cells containing TiC@G as cathode（c）[24] "

Fig.8

Schematic of LiPS conversion processes on TiN,TiO2 and the TiO2-TiN heterostructure surface（a）[48];Catalytic reduction process of lithium polysulfide（b）;Non-catalytic oxidation process and catalytic oxidation process of lithium sulfide（c）[50] "