支撑国家新能源战略发展的锂资源开发

doi:10.19964/j.issn.1006-4990.2022-0602

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

锂作为支撑新能源战略发展的核心元素，其开发与供给与国民经济息息相关。在“双碳”目标下，中国对锂及其化合物的需求急速上涨，是全球最大的锂消费国，对外依存度高。世界范围内锂资源主要赋存于矿石和盐湖卤水中，是当今国内外锂资源开发的重中之重；随着循环理念与技术的发展，城市矿山中二次锂资源的开发将彰显巨大潜力。总结了从硬岩锂矿、盐湖卤水、退役锂电池中提锂的工业方法及新技术研究进展。其中，硬岩矿提锂工艺的发展方向是低耗减碳；卤水提锂技术应因地制宜、一湖一策，多元分离技术组合应成为未来锂工程建设的最佳选择；重视退役锂电池材料再制备技术研究，可以大大降低锂电发展对自然资源的依赖，是新能源战略可持续发展不可或缺的一环。

关键词: 新能源, 锂辉石, 盐湖卤水, 退役锂电池, 分离材料

Abstract:

Lithium is a core element to support the strategic development of new energy，whose extraction and supply are closely related to the national economy.For the targets of carbon peak and neutrality，the demand of lithium and its compounds is rising rapidly in China，while China has become the largest lithium consumer with high external dependence in the world.Lithium is mainly deposited in ores and salt lake brines，which is the top priority for lithium resource exploitation worldwide.Besides，the utilization of the secondary lithium resources in urban mines is showing great potential for the development of recycling concept and technology.The industrial methods and research progress of lithium extraction from hard rock lithium minerals，salt lake brines and retired lithium-ion batteries were summarized.Among them，lower consumption and carbon reduction were the development direction of lithium extraction process from hard rock minerals.The lithium brine extraction technology should be tailored to local conditions，then make a specific method of the lake，and the combination of multiple separation technologies should be the best choice for future engineering construction.It was essential to focus on the research of re-preparation technology of retired lithium-ion battery，which could significantly reduce the dependence of lithium-ion battery manufacture on natural resources，and it was an indispensable part of the sustainable development of new energy strategy.

Key words: new energy, spodumene, salt lake brine, retired lithium-ion battery, separation material

中图分类号:

TQ131.11

于建国,孙庆,裘晟波,张以任,陈君. 支撑国家新能源战略发展的锂资源开发[J]. 无机盐工业, 2023, 55(1): 1-14.

YU Jianguo,SUN Qing,QIU Shengbo,ZHANG Yiren,CHEN Jun. Lithium resources development supporting national new energy strategy development[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2023, 55(1): 1-14.

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方法	w （Li₂O）/%	具体工艺	锂提取率/%
氟化法	4.31^[17]	矿+萤石（CaF₂）+H₂SO₄焙烧（127 ℃→227 ℃）→水浸	95.7
	5.51^[18]	矿+HF+H₂SO₄浸出（100 ℃）→水浸	96
	7.03^[19]	转型焙烧→HF浸出（7% HF，75 ℃）	>90
	7.03^[20]	转型焙烧→HF浸出（4% HF，35 ℃）	88
	7.03^[21]	转型焙烧→NaF焙烧（600 ℃）→水洗→H₂SO₄浸出	90
	3.01^[22]	矿+NaF机械活化→H₂SO₄浸出（90 ℃）	81.2±3.0
	7.54^[16]	矿+NH₄HF₂焙烧（157 ℃）→水浸→H₂SO₄浸出	96.45±3.68
氯化法	7.2^[23]	转型焙烧→Cl₂焙烧（1 100 ℃）	约100
	7.2^[24]	转型焙烧→CaCl₂焙烧（900 ℃）→水浸	90.2
	4.5^[25]	矿+CaCl₂+MgCl₂焙烧（1 150 ℃）→水浸	>96
	4.61^[14]	矿+CaCl₂焙烧（1 000 ℃）→水浸	90
盐/ 碱焙烧法	5.66^[26]	矿+Na₂SO₄机械活化→焙烧（1 000 ℃）→水浸	92
	7.5±0.15^[27]	矿+K₂SO₄焙烧（1 050 ℃）→水浸	96.3±2
	5.64^[28]	矿+NaOH焙烧（320 ℃）→水浸→H₂SO₄浸出	71（水浸） 88（总）
盐/ 碱水热法	6.17^[29]	转型焙烧→Na₂SO₄+CaO/NaOH浸出（230 ℃）	93.30（CaO） 90.70（NaOH）
	7.0/ 5.65^[30]	转型焙烧→NaCl/NaCl+NaOH浸出（200 ℃）	>93
	5.53^[31]	矿+NaOH浸出（250 ℃）	95.8
	4.76^[32]	矿+CaO+NaOH浸出（250 ℃）	93.3
	5.28^[33]	矿+NaOH浸出（250 ℃）→H₂SO₄浸出	87.3
	6.02^[34]	矿+KOH浸出（250 ℃）→H₂SO₄浸出	89.9
	4.30^[35]	转型焙烧→水淬冷却→NaOH浸出（100 ℃）	93.0
	6.05^[36]	转型焙烧→Na₂CO₃浸出（225 ℃）	>96
	5.55^[37]	转型焙烧→K₂CO₃浸出（240 ℃）	96.43
微生物法	—^[38]	真菌Penicillium notatum，Aspergillus niger；硫杆菌Thiobacillus thiooxidans；细菌Bacillus mucilaginosus	—
微生物法	—^[39-40]	霉菌Aspergillus niger，Penicillium purpurogenum；酵母菌Rhodotorula rubra	—

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