Fig.1

Schematic illustrations of（a） active lithium loss in 1st charge/discharge cycle， pre-lithiation of anode（-）（b），and pre-lithiation with help of cathode（+）（c）［9］"

Table 1

A comparative analysis of common cathode lithium replenishment agents"

Fig.2

Synthesis of Li3N material via nitridation of lithium metal in N2 atmosphere （200 ℃，24 h）［22］"

Fig.3

Schematic illustration of lithium deposition and fixation process（a），initial charge-discharge curves（b） and cycle performances of LFP/G and LFP-1%Fix.Li3N/G（c）［27］"

Fig.4

First-cycle voltage profile versus capacity and cycling performance（inset） of HEM-Li2O/SiO-SnCoC and HEM/SiO-SnCoC full cells（a）［12］，and initial charge/discharge curves of full cells with NCM/G and NCM/NCM Li2O2/G（b）［13］"

Fig.5

Galvanostatic charge/discharge voltage profiles of Li/Li2NiO2 cell（a），constant current charge-discharge curves for initial cycle（b） and cycling performance curves of LNO-H and LNO-L（c） ［34］"

Fig.6

Voltage profile（a） and cycling performance（b） of SiO/NCM523 and SiO/NCM523-LFO［39］"

Fig.7

Specific discharge capacity vs cycle number of AFLMBs using different ratios of NMC-LO as composite cathode electrodes［45］"

Fig.8

dQ/dV plots of different conductive agents（a）；dQ/dV plots of NiO prepared by different methods（b）［47］"

Fig.9

Cyclic voltammetry test（a），constant current charge discharge curve of Li2C4O4（b）［49］"

Fig.10

Schematic diagram of N-SS-350 nitridation and Li deposition processes（a）［50］，and schematic diagram of printing of Cu3N-NWs by simple roll pressing method（b）［51］"

Fig.11

Electrochemical characteristics of primary Li2S/Co electrode and LiFePO4 electrode with 4.8% Li2S/Co additives ［15］"

Fig.12

Initial voltage curves（a），and cycling performance with 200 times（b） and rate performance（c） of NCM811 and B-NCM811 full cells［57］"

Fig.13

FT-IR spectra of bare and coated cathode powders after synthesis（a）［59］，and process diagram of NbO X C Y coating process onto LNO particles using Nb（CH3CH2O）5 and CO（NH2）2 precursor（b）［60］"

Fig.14

Cyclic voltammograms（CV）（a） of LFO/CNT-9 and harge/discharge curves at various C-rates（b） and rate capability of LFO/CNT-9（c）［61］"

Fig.15

SEM images of bare LFO（a）， LFO/CNT-9 at a low magnification（b），LFO/CNT-9 at a high magnification（c），and a cross section of LFO/CNT-9（d）［61］"

Fig.16

Initial charge-discharge curves（a） and cycling performance curves for LFP and LFP-LFO/C-10（b）［63］"

Fig.17

Schematic illustration of reaction mechanisms of LFO with air［65］"

Fig.18

Preparation process of LCO@LFO pre-lithiation reagent［66］"

Fig.19

FESEM image（a），TEM image（b），and HRTEM image（c） of MoC1-x /NC［67］"

Fig.20

Schematic illustration of synthesis process of Li2C4O4/CNT（a） and constant current charge-discharge curves（b）， initial charge-discharge curves（c） and cycling performance curves for LFP/Gr（d）［68］"