Inorganic Chemicals Industry ›› 2023, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (11): 1-11.doi: 10.19964/j.issn.1006-4990.2023-0193
• Reviews and Special Topics • Next Articles
ZHU Ruisong(), CAO Jing, LIU Taoran, LI Yingwen, GAO Fei, HU Xuesheng(
)
Received:
2023-04-04
Online:
2023-11-10
Published:
2023-11-16
Contact:
HU Xuesheng
E-mail:zhuruisong010@petrochina.com.cn;huxuesheng@petrochina.com.cn
CLC Number:
ZHU Ruisong, CAO Jing, LIU Taoran, LI Yingwen, GAO Fei, HU Xuesheng. Research progress of lithium extraction technology and industrialization of unconventional brines in global[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2023, 55(11): 1-11.
Table 1
Global representative unconventional brine components concentration[11-17]mg/L"
卤水类型 | 国家(地区) | 地区名称 | ρ(Li+) | ρ(Na+) | ρ(K+) | ρ(Mg2+) | ρ(Ca2+) | ρ(B3+) | ρ(SiO2) | ρ(Cl-) | ρ(Br-) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
地热 卤水 | 美国(加利福尼亚州)[ | 索尔顿湖 | 202 | 49 249 | 14 467 | 109 | 25 684 | 298 | 342 | 142 015 | 91 |
法国(阿尔萨斯)[ | Upper Rhine Graben | 173 | 28 140 | 3 195 | 131 | 7 225 | 40.8 | 201 | 58 559 | 216 | |
中国(西藏自治区)[ | 富锂温泉水 | 79.9 | 24 900 | 2 160 | 850 | 2 870 | — | — | 46 700 | — | |
油田 卤水 | 加拿大(阿尔伯特省)[ | Clearwater | 78.7 | 47 333 | 7 423 | 2 988 | 23 900 | 297 | 13 | 3 950 | — |
美国(阿尼肯色州)[ | Smackover | 423 | 72 500 | 7 100 | 2 243 | 29 300 | 358 | 36 | 125 184 | 4 276 | |
德国(阿尔特马克)[ | Rotliegend | 354 | 59 711 | 5 051 | 898 | 47 711 | — | — | 192 500 | 625 | |
中国(青海省)[ | 柴达木盆地 南翼山区域 | 254 | 84 920 | 7 660 | 1 380 | 15 750 | 5 080 | — | 170 300 | 46 | |
中国(湖北省)[ | 江汉盆地 | 52 | 103 660 | 9 220 | 30 | 16 400 | 910 | — | 198 800 | 202 | |
中国(四川省)[ | 四川盆地 | 66.3 | 93 700 | 48 950 | 3 040 | 2 290 | — | — | 196 750 | 4 800 |
Table 2
Main characteristics and recovery rates of lithium extraction by precipitation[22-26]"
原料来源 | 年份 | 化学试剂 | PH | 锂回收率/% | 产品及纯度 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
索尔顿地热卤水[ | 1976 | AlCl3、CaO | 7.5 | 98 | LiOH,— |
索尔顿地热卤水[ | 1984 | AlCl3、CaO | 7.5 | 89 | LiCl,99.9% |
Hatchobaru地热卤水[ | 1986 | NaAlO2 | 11.5 | 98~99 | — |
青海南翼山油田卤水[ | 2006 | CaO、Na2SO4、Na2CO3 | 10 | 56.26 | Li2CO3,98.31% |
某油田卤水[ | 2019 | CCl4、Na2SO4、Na2CO3 | 6.35~6.81 | - | Li2CO3,98.34% |
Table 3
Summary of main characteristics of lithiumextraction technology and extraction rate[30-32,35-39]"
原料来源 | 年份 | 萃取体系 | 协萃剂 | 萃取率/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
模拟金属盐溶液[ | 2021 | 冠醚二苯并-14-冠-4-醚;三正辛基氧化膦/二烷基磷酸脂 | 离子液体溶剂CYPHOSIL 109 | 80~85 |
含锂碱性卤水[ | 2017 | HBTA/HFTA/HTTA | TOPO/TBP | 94.50~99.50 |
盐湖卤水[ | 2017 | N,N-二甲基乙酰胺 | TBP | 八级:>96.00 |
模拟盐湖卤水[ | 2020 | TBP/FeCl3 | P507 | 85 |
模拟油田卤水[ | 2021 | N-戊基异壬酰胺 | 2,6,8-三甲 基-4-壬酮 | 单级:46.56(Li+);2.97(Ca2+) |
模拟油田卤水[ | 2021 | N-异辛基异戊酰胺 | 肉豆蔻酸乙 酯 | 单级:63.40(Li+);9.45(Ca2+) |
含LiCl稀溶液[ | 2017 | [P4444][BTMPP] | — | 三级:88.11~89.70 |
含LiCl稀溶液[ | 2018 | [N4444][DEHP] | — | 三级:93.30~94.20 |
Table 4
Summary of main characteristics and adsorption capacity of lithium extraction technology by adsorption method[21,42-51]"
原料来源 | 年份 | 吸附剂名称 | 原理 | pH | 吸附时间/h | 最大吸附量 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
吉隆坡Sidoarjo地热卤水[ | 2016 | LiMn2O4 | 离子交换,物理吸附 | — | — | 68.35 mg/g |
吉隆坡Sidoarjo地热卤水[ | 2019 | H1.6Mn1.6O4 | 离子交换,物理吸附 | 12 | 19.0 | 43.80 mg/g |
四川威远气田水[ | 2000 | Li2TiO3 | 离子交换,物理吸附 | 9 | 240 | 25.34 mg/g |
模拟含锂水样[ | 2015 | Li4Ti5O12 | 离子交换,物理吸附 | 9.17 | 120 | 39.43 mg/g |
地热卤水[ | 2021 | Li2TiO3 | 离子交换,物理吸附 | 12 | 6 | 12.29 mg/g |
混合锂盐溶液[ | 2021 | LixAl2-LDH@SiO2 | 离子交换,物理吸附 | — | — | 18.00 mg/L |
察尔汗盐湖卤水[ | 2018 | Li/Al-LDHs | 离子交换,物理吸附 | — | 2 | 7.27 mg/g |
西藏某地热卤水[ | 2019 | PVC-HTO | 离子交换,物理吸附 | 12 | 12 | 11.35 mg/g |
地热卤水[ | 2020 | 粒状H4Mn5O12/壳聚糖 | 离子交换,物理吸附 | 12 | 24 | 8.98 mg/g |
波兰Rabka Zdroj地热卤水[ | 2018 | 天然斜发沸石 | 络合作用 | 5.5 | 3 | 5.00 mg/L |
Table 5
Main characteristics,advantages and disadvantages of different lithium extraction technologies[6-7]"
技术名称 | 子类别 | 技术优势 | 技术劣势 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
沉淀法 | 无机盐类 | 碳酸盐、铝酸盐等 | 原理简单,适用于低镁卤水 | 后处理复杂、废液多,易造成环境污染 |
吸附法 | 有机吸附剂 | 离子交换树脂 | 工艺简单 | 亲水性差、锂选择性低、溶损率高 |
分子印迹聚合物 | 制备方法多样、吸附剂选择性高 | 吸附剂的再生效率有待提高 | ||
无机吸附剂 | 锂锰氧化物 | 吸附容量高、循环使用率高 | 易溶损、稳定性差 | |
锂钛氧化物 | 溶损率低、稳定性好 | 成本高 | ||
锂铝插层材料 | 成本低、环境友好 | 吸附率和吸附量有待提高 | ||
溶剂萃 取法 | 冠醚 | 萃取率高,可与其他物质结合进行萃取 | 成本高,真实溶液中萃取的选择性未被验证,真实溶液萃取前预处理标准不明 | |
多组分溶剂 | 萃取剂多样、成本可控、技术成熟 | 流程复杂,使用大量溶剂易造成环境污染 | ||
离子液体 | 溶解性能好、挥发度低、环境友好 | 成本高、溶剂损失率高、循环使用率低 | ||
膜分 离法 | 外加电场膜技术 | 电渗析 | 低能耗、绿色环保、产品品质高 | 维护成本高、离子膜耐久性差 |
膜电容 | 去离子高效、能耗低 | 电势系统过程优化待提升,使用真实卤水时解吸效率待提高 | ||
无外加电场膜技术 | 纳滤 | 对二价离子分离性能较好,技术成熟 | 普通纳滤膜对Na+、K+等单价离子的分离性能低,膜污染,耗材成本较高 | |
正渗透 | 低膜污染、低能源消耗 | 对离子选择性低、通量低 | ||
反渗透 | 脱盐率高、通量高 | 能耗高、膜污染、对离子选择性低 |
Table 6
Industrialization status of lithium extraction from geothermal/oilfield brine[6,60-61]"
国家 | 地点 | 卤水类型 | 运营商 | 规划产能情况 | 开发进程 | 直接提锂技术 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
美国 | 加州索 尔顿 | 地热 | Berkshire Hathaway Energy(BHER) | 30万t/a LCE | 立法听证,2024—2025示范 | 离子交换工艺 |
Controlled Thermal Resources(CTR) | 30万t/a LCE | 离子交换工艺 | ||||
EnergySource Minerals | 1.9万t/a LiOH | 专利技术ILiAD(集成锂吸附解吸) | ||||
阿尼肯 色州 | 油田/深层 | Standard Lithium | 2.1万t/a LCE | 2025投产 | 自主研发工艺LiSTR+SiFT(陶瓷吸附+高压反渗透+结晶) | |
犹他州 | 油田/深层 | Anson Resources | 1.5万t/a LCE | 2024投产 | 离子交换+电化学法 | |
加拿大 | 阿尔伯 塔省 | 油田 | E3 Metals | 2.0万t/a LCE | 2025—2026投产 | 吸附法 |
Lithium Bank | — | 2023中试 | — | |||
德国 | 莱茵河 | 地热 | Vulcan Energy | 4.0万t/a LiOH | 2023示范 | 吸附法 |
法国 | Eramet | 2.4万t/a LCE | 2024投产 | 吸附法+膜分离法 |
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