无机盐工业 ›› 2023, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (12): 12-25.doi: 10.19964/j.issn.1006-4990.2023-0243
刘静颖1,2(), 贾阳杰3, 杨凤玲1,2(), 任磊1,2, 李鹏飞4, 王飞5, 程芳琴1,2()
收稿日期:
2023-04-26
出版日期:
2023-12-10
发布日期:
2023-12-14
通讯作者:
程芳琴(1964— ),女,教授,博士生导师,从事资源与环境工程方面研究;E-mail:cfangqin@sxu.edu.cn。作者简介:
刘静颖(1999— ),女,硕士,主要研究方向为燃煤污染控制;E-mail:13294937768@163.com。
基金资助:
LIU Jingying1,2(), JIA Yangjie3, YANG Fengling1,2(), REN Lei1,2, LI Pengfei4, WANG Fei5, CHENG Fangqin1,2()
Received:
2023-04-26
Published:
2023-12-10
Online:
2023-12-14
摘要:
中国90%以上燃煤电厂使用石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫工艺进行烟气脱硫,需从脱硫系统定期外排部分废水以保证脱硫效果。作为燃煤电厂末端废水,脱硫废水具有水量大、水质差、成分复杂等特点,直接排放对环境具有极大危害;脱硫废水零排放工艺在实现水资源最大化利用、副产物分级回收的同时,还可以达到水中杂质和硬度离子的最佳去除效果,因此对脱硫废水进行零排放处理十分必要;预处理工艺作为脱硫废水零排放工艺的基础,其处理效果的好坏对后续工艺具有较大影响。在清洁生产和污染减排的背景下,从脱硫废水零排放预处理工艺理论展开叙述,对比国内外零排放工艺,并对山西某燃煤电厂进行调研后发现已有预处理工艺普遍存在药剂投加量大、处理成本高等问题,故需寻找一种经济可行的预处理原材料,替代现行双碱法工艺中的氧化钙或者优化其加入量,实现燃煤电厂脱硫废水低成本资源化利用。
中图分类号:
刘静颖, 贾阳杰, 杨凤玲, 任磊, 李鹏飞, 王飞, 程芳琴. 燃煤电厂脱硫废水零排放预处理工艺研究进展[J]. 无机盐工业, 2023, 55(12): 12-25.
LIU Jingying, JIA Yangjie, YANG Fengling, REN Lei, LI Pengfei, WANG Fei, CHENG Fangqin. Research progress of zero liquid discharge pretreatment process for flue gas desulfurization wastewater from coal-fired power plants[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2023, 55(12): 12-25.
表1
国内外脱硫废水零排放工艺路线及存在问题分析
公司 名称 | 机组/ MW | 设计进 水量/ (m3·h-1) | 总投资 费用/ 万元 | 工艺路线 | 工艺分析 | 存在问题 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
威尔雅公司[ | 336 | 离子交换/化学软化预处理+(晶种式)降膜蒸发器+MED | 产水中的高质量蒸馏液可回用于电厂,循环水最大TDS低于2×10-5 mg/L | 化学软化除硬,后续蒸发需加入晶种法 | ||
澳大利亚能源资源公司[ | 110 | 软化+MVR+结晶 | 出水TDS小于20 mg/L,水质好 | 进水水量大 | ||
ENEL电厂[ | 70、35、15、 35、12 | 中和-混凝-沉淀和软化+晶种式竖管降膜蒸发器浓缩+MED | 操作稳定,蒸发传热效率高;处理效果良好 | 软化不彻底,后续蒸发需加入晶种法 | ||
国电汉川电厂[ | 2×1 000 | 36 | 8 600 | 双碱法+集成管式超滤膜 (TUF)+NF+特殊流道卷式反渗透膜(SCRO)+DTRO+MVR | 出水水质好,淡水回收率达93.4%;预处理后水中钙镁离子质量浓度可降到2 mg/L以下;整个系统用水量减少28万t/a,固体废物排放量减少近 7 000 t/a;NaCl纯度高于98.60% | 流程长,设备复杂,占地面积大;预处理加药量大,污泥产生量大,软化成本高;膜浓缩部件对水质波动的适应性差,TUF污堵率高;运行费用较高 |
华电包头电厂[ | 2×600 | 120 | 12 900 | 预处理+NF+RO+DTRO+MVR | 淡水回收率为50%~55%;可实现Na2SO4和NaCl分别回收;电耗为60 kW·h/t,吨水造价为108万元,运行成本低 | 进水量大;预处理加药量大,软化成本高;RO膜易污染、浓差极化、结垢 |
三水恒益电厂[ | 2×600 | 20 | 6 000 | 常规预处理+两级卧式喷淋MVC+两级卧式MED+卧式圆盘结晶 | 能耗较低,蒸汽消耗为50~60 kg/t,电耗为20~25 kW·h/t,吨水造价为 300万元 | 水质未经软化处理,结垢严重;结晶盐含有重金属无法高效利用,处理成本高 |
深能河源电厂[ | 2×600 | 22 | 9 750 | 两级反应器+两级澄清器+四效立管强制循环蒸发结晶 | 流程适中,水质波动适应性较强;固体盐干燥后达工业二级盐标准,NaCl纯度达95%;蒸汽消耗为280 kg/t,电耗为30 kW·h/t,吨水造价为443万元 | 预处理加药量大,污泥产生量大,软化成本高;MED设备蒸汽消耗较大;投资成本高,系统运行费用高 |
华能长兴电厂[ | 2×600 | 22 | 8 000 | 预处理(澄清+过滤+离子交换)+RO+MBC+TVC蒸发结晶 | 系统可实现全自动运行和维护;淡水回收率为80%以上,可回用于锅炉补给水;脱盐率可达97%以上;蒸汽消耗为203 kg/t,电耗为10.4 kW·h/t,吨水造价为364万元 | 流程长;预处理加药量大,污泥产生量大;RO膜易污染、浓差极化、结垢,MBC对水质波动适应性较差;TVC蒸汽耗量较大,产品为杂盐,回收利用困难,运行费用较高 |
焦作万方电厂方正汇总行[ | 2×350 | 20 | 3 500 | 双碱(NaOH+Na2CO3)双膜 [微滤(MF)和RO]法预处理 减量+高温烟气旁路蒸发系统 | 淡水回收率达80%;重金属和氯含量符合标准,不影响粉煤灰综合利用;吨水运行费用为25万元 | 流程复杂;可蒸发废水量较低,锅炉效率小幅下降,成本增加 |
表2
不同预处理工艺的对比分析
项目 | 运行 成本 | 药剂消耗 | 软化效果 | 工艺流程 | 适用范围 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
双碱法 | 高 | 种类多、消耗量较大 | 钙镁等硬度离子完全软化、SO42-部分去除、悬浮物和浊度降低 | 较简单 | 水量中等、硬度高、出水水质要求高的燃煤电厂 |
三联箱 | 较低 | 种类多、消耗量大 | 钙镁等硬度离子、悬浮物和浊度较高 | 简单 | 水量小、硬度低、出水水质要求低的燃煤电厂 |
二氧化碳捕集软化工艺 | 低 | 种类少、消耗量小 | Ca2+、Mg2+、悬浮物去除效果好 | 较复杂 | 水量大、烟道气充足、出水水质要求较高的燃煤电厂 |
石灰-铝沉淀法 | 较高 | 种类多、消耗量大 | 钙镁等硬度离子完全软化、SO42-完全去除、悬浮物和浊度极低、沉淀实现分级高效利用 | 复杂 | 出水水质要求高、用地充裕、高浓度SO42-废水的燃煤电厂 |
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