退役锂离子电池湿法回收生命周期和经济评价

doi:10.19964/j.issn.1006-4990.2022-0603

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

锂离子电池（LIBs）具有能量密度高、输出功率大等优点被广泛应用，随之产生了大量退役LIBs。近年来，退役LIBs回收再利用逐渐受到了人们的关注，但目前回收体系尚不完善，存在发展动力和科学技术等方面的问题。从生命周期评价（LCA）和经济性评价两方面对典型的盐酸、硫酸-双氧水和电化学浸出3种回收方法进行分析讨论。使用SimaPro 9软件对回收过程进行生命周期评价，得到全球变暖潜能值、非生物资源耗竭潜能值和资源消耗量等，结果表明酸用量和能量消耗为主要的环境影响因素；并对回收再利用过程（包括预处理、浸出、再制备）进行经济性分析，得到相应的收益情况。结果表明，目前回收成本较高，整体呈现亏损状态。基于此，提出了相应的优化建议。

关键词: 退役锂离子电池, 湿法回收, 生命周期评价, 经济性评价

Abstract:

Lithium-ion batteries（LIBs） have been widely used because of high energy density and high output power，resulting in a large number of spent LIBs.In recent years，the recycling and utilization of spent LIBs has attracted the attention of researchers.However，the current recovery system is not perfect，due to problems in development momentum，science and technology.The three typical recovery processes，i.e.，HCl，H₂SO₄-H₂O₂ and electrochemical leaching，with life cycle assessment（LCA） and economic evaluation were compared.SimaPro 9 software was used to conduct LCA on the recovery process，and obtain global warming potential value，non biological resource depletion potential value，resource consumption，etc.The results showed that acid dosage and energy consumption were the main factors determining environmental burden.Economic analysis of three recovery processes including pretreatment，leaching，and regeneration was carried to obtain the corresponding profits.The analysis found that the cost of the current recycling process was high，resulting in the deficit of the whole recycling process.Therefore，corresponding optimization suggestions were put forward.

Key words: spent lithium-ion batteries, hydrometallurgical recycling, life cycle assessment, economic assessment

中图分类号:

TQ131.11

周诗雨,何婷,付彤彤,郭子睿,顾帅,于建国. 退役锂离子电池湿法回收生命周期和经济评价[J]. 无机盐工业, 2023, 55(1): 26-32.

ZHOU Shiyu,HE Ting,FU Tongtong,GUO Zirui,GU Shuai,YU Jianguo. Life cycle and economic assessment of recycling spent lithium-ion batteries with hydrometallurgical process[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2023, 55(1): 26-32.

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项目	预处理	HCl浸出	H₂SO₄-H₂O₂ 浸出	电化学浸出
输入	N₂，0.520 kg	HCl，7.30 kg	H₂SO₄，3.92 kg； H₂O₂，7.29 kg	苹果酸， 25.1 kg
	去离子水，156 kg	去离子水， 46.0 kg	去离子水， 14.9 kg	去离子水，134 kg
	耗电量，9.57 kW?h	耗电量， 64.9 kW?h	耗电量， 59.3 kW?h	耗电量， 123 kW?h
输出	水，156 kg；N₂，0.520 kg；
	石墨，0.069 0 kg；	废渣， 0.340 kg	废渣，0.340 kg	废渣，0.390 kg
	Co，0.046 0 kg；
	Li₂CO₃，0.007 90 kg

项目	GWP（以 CO₂计）/kg	ADP/ MJ	HTP（以1，4-DB计）/kg	化石（非可再生能源）/MJ	水（可再生能源）/MJ
预处理	11.02	95.50	6.560	100.9	7.180
HCl	19.20	346.0	894.0	372.0	139.0
H₂SO₄-H₂O₂	24.80	299.0	21.90	326.0	290.0
电化学	64.86	1 199	35.30	1 296	324.4

项目			消耗量	单价	总价/万元
预处理		N₂	0.187 0 t	665.7元/t	0.012 40
		去离子水	56.20 t	452.0元/t	2.540
		总电量	3.441 kW?h	0.693 0元/（kW?h）	2.385×10^-4
HCl 体系	浸出	HCl	2.920 t	650.0元/t（31%）	0.612 2
		去离子水	18.40 t	452.0元/t	0.831 7
		总电量	1.242×10⁴kW?h	0.693 0元/（kW?h）	0.860 7
	再制备	CoCl₂	0.024 00 t	12.20万元/t	0.292 8
		Na₂CO₃	5.230 t	2 300元/t（98%）	1.227
		无水乙醇	0.286 0 t	8 000元/t	0.228 8
		总电量	8 912 kW?h	0.693 0元/（kW?h）	0.617 6
H₂SO₄- H₂O₂ 体系	浸出	H₂SO₄	1.570 t	910.0元/t	0.142 9
		H₂O₂	2.920 t	915.0元/t（27.5%）	0.971 6
		总电量	2 300 kW?h	0.693 0元/（kW?h）	0.159 4
	再制备	CoSO₄	0.045 00 t	7.300万元/t	0.328 5
		Na₂CO₃	5.529 t	2 300元/t（98%）	1.298
		无水乙醇	0.302 0 t	8 000元/t	0.241 6
		总电量	9 421 kW?h	0.693 0元/（kW?h）	0.652 9
电化学	浸出	苹果酸	10.00 t	40.00元/kg	40.00
		去离子水	53.60 t	452.0元/t	2.423
		总电量	4.920×10⁴kW?h	0.693 0元/（kW?h）	3.410
	再制备	CoSO₄	0.068 00 t	7.300万元/t	0.496 4
		Na₂CO₃	5.298 t	2 300元/t（98%）	1.243
		无水乙醇	0.289 0 t	8 000元/t	0.231 2
		总电量	9 028 kW?h	0.693 0元/（kW?h）	0.625 6

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