无机盐工业 ›› 2023, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (2): 1-9.doi: 10.19964/j.issn.1006-4990.2022-0360
• 综述与专论 • 下一篇
收稿日期:
2022-06-13
出版日期:
2023-02-10
发布日期:
2023-02-16
作者简介:
邱立萍(1963— ),女,博士,教授,研究方向为水处理及水资源保护;E-mail:基金资助:
Received:
2022-06-13
Published:
2023-02-10
Online:
2023-02-16
摘要:
介绍了高盐废水的来源、水质特点及危害,系统分析了热法浓缩处理技术、膜法分离处理技术、膜法浓缩处理技术、组合处理技术等高盐废水处理技术的原理、研究及应用进展。通过对比不同高盐废水处理技术的优缺点得出以下结论:充分利用潜热或开发清洁能源、制备或改良新型抗污染性的膜材料及提取和驯化耐盐菌与嗜盐菌是高盐废水处理技术发展的关键;简化处理工艺流程、加快耦合技术的研究和应用及开发新型高效环保的处理材料是高盐废水处理技术的发展方向。
中图分类号:
邱立萍,张晓凤. 高盐废水处理技术研究及应用进展[J]. 无机盐工业, 2023, 55(2): 1-9.
QIU Liping,ZHANG Xiaofeng. Research and application progress of high-salt wastewater treatment technology[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2023, 55(2): 1-9.
表1
常用的高盐废水热法处理技术
热法处理技术 | 原理 | 适用范围 | 工业化应用情况 |
---|---|---|---|
多级闪蒸技术 | 控制闪蒸室内的压力,使加热后的高盐废水急速汽化 | 大型、超大型海水淡化装置 | 多级闪蒸技术不仅用于海水淡化,而且已广泛用于火力发电厂、石油化工厂的锅炉供水、工业废水和矿井苦咸水的处理与回收,以及印染、造纸工业废碱液的回收等 |
多效蒸发技术 | 利用二次蒸汽的潜热作为后效的加热热源使高盐废水沸腾蒸发、冷凝回收 | 早期应用于海水淡化工程,随着工艺的不断成熟,目前多应用于高浓度、高色度、高含盐量的行业,如印染、制药、煤化工等 | 多效蒸发技术运用在工业废水的处理上,比如辛醇生产中含碱废水的处理、用含铜废液生产硫酸铜工艺中含氨废水的处理、碳酸钾生产废液回收治理等,都取得了不错的经济和社会效益;同时,多效蒸发技术用于化学纤维工艺的纺丝过程,并以其节能、低耗以及优良的性价比被化纤厂家广泛应用 |
机械蒸汽再压缩技术 | 利用二次蒸汽的潜热将低品位的蒸汽经压缩机的机械做功提升为高品位的蒸汽热源 | 浓缩、干燥、蒸馏等生产工艺,如高浓度有机废水排放、食品发酵、污泥干燥等 | 机械蒸汽再压缩技术的市场份额继续增加;目前的应用研究主要集中在优化工艺参数和提高操作经济性 |
表2
常用的高盐废水膜处理技术
膜处理技术 | 过滤口径或原理 | 适用范围 | 工业化应用情况 |
---|---|---|---|
反渗透技术 | 0.000 1 μm | 海水淡化;印染、造纸等行业中废水盐分的浓缩和色度的去除;纯净水、蒸馏水、太空水的制备 | 反渗透技术多与其他膜技术联用,如超滤、纳滤技术,在解决膜污染问题上,膜结垢的循环清洗技术得到了广泛应用 |
纳滤技术 | 0.001 μm | 多用于自来水厂的水质脱盐 | 纳滤技术逐渐取代低端超滤和高端反渗透技术并在各行各业中应用越来越广泛 |
超滤技术 | 0.01 μm | 主要用于生物大分子的脱盐处理及硝酸盐的去除 | 超滤技术更多地应用于水厂、实验室制水过程中;在食品领域的脱盐研究方面也有了一定的进展 |
电渗析技术 | 用半透膜隔开浓、稀溶液,在电场力的作用下,使阴阳离子发生定向移动 | 主要用于离子型化合物的分离、浓缩和淡化 | 电渗析的工业应用较为广泛,已经成为工业废水处理的独立单元,如海水脱盐、饮用水制备、电解质脱除、食品脱盐、废水酸碱回收、重金属离子分离等 |
膜蒸馏技术 | 以膜两侧蒸汽压力差为传质驱动力使溶液通过疏水微孔膜 | 对于非挥发性溶质水(盐)溶液,离子、大分子、胶体等截留率可达100% | 膜蒸馏技术可用于处理反渗透后的浓缩溶液,进一步分离和浓缩可用物质;对于含挥发性物质的高盐废水,可实现去除挥发性物质和浓缩盐的双重效果 |
离子交换膜技术 | 将本身的离子与溶液中的同号离子进行交换 | 在废酸碱液回收、海水淡化、卤水浓缩、氯碱工业等领域应用较为广泛 | 电渗析技术处理废水过程中,多采用离子交换膜作为渗透膜 |
表4
高盐废水处理技术特征比较
高盐废水处理技术 | 优点 | 缺点 | |
---|---|---|---|
热法浓缩 处理技术 | 多级闪蒸技术 | 应用时间久,设备简单;可利用低位热能和废热 | 系统结垢、系统腐蚀 |
多效蒸发技术 | 可利用低位热能和废热;节省运行成本 | 系统结垢、系统腐蚀;部分工艺占地面积大 | |
机械蒸汽再压缩技术 | 能耗低、结构简单、操作容易 | 系统结垢、系统腐蚀 | |
膜法 | 反渗透技术 | 运行成本低、设备操作简单、净化效率高 | 膜污染、膜结垢 |
纳滤技术 | 自动化程度高、过滤精度高 | 投资成本大、预处理要求高 | |
超滤技术 | 可有效浓缩低浓度溶液;能耗低、设备装置简单 | 对无机离子截留作用小 | |
电渗析技术 | 脱盐效率高、自动化程度高 | 腐蚀、结垢引起的膜性能变差 | |
膜蒸馏技术 | 设备简单、操作方便、可回收潜热 | 膜易污染 | |
离子交换膜技术 | 选择透过性 | 膜性能影响因素较多 | |
生物法 | 活性污泥法 | 净化效率高 | 对微生物要求较高 |
厌氧生物法 | 无需供氧、能耗低 | 处理过程有异味;对温度、pH敏感程度高 | |
耐盐菌和嗜盐菌处理法 | 处理效率高 | 需提取和驯化耐盐菌和嗜盐菌 |
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