盐湖卤水提锂技术研究进展

doi:10.19964/j.issn.1006-4990.2022-0726

Abstract

Abstract:

With the rapid expansion of industries such as the electric vehicle industry，the demand for lithium raw materials has increased dramatically.Ore lithium resources are on the verge of exhaustion，while salt lake brine has rich lithium resources with low mining difficulty，which has quickly become a hot spot in lithium salt production and research.The distribution，water quality characteristics，and application of lithium extraction methods in salt lake brine resources in the world were summarized.The research progress of lithium extraction from salt lake brine by precipitation ， extraction ， adsorption ， membrane separation ， and electrochemistry was discussed from the aspects of reaction mechanism ， influencing factors ， and application effect . Among the existing technologies ，the membrane separation method and electrochemical method had the advantages of good separation effect and low energy consumption，thus showing broad application prospects.However，both the precipitation method and the extraction method had the problems of large dosages of chemicals and serious environmental pollution，while the adsorption method had shortcomings such as a slow adsorption process and easy dissolution of adsorbent ，thus resulting in great limitations in industry application.Finally，the development trend of lithium resources in salt lakes was prospected and suggestions for the subsequent optimization of the lithium extraction process were put forward.

Key words: salt lake brine, lithium-ion sieves, membrane separation, electrochemical lithium extraction

CLC Number:

TQ131.11

FU Yu, DENG Mi, HUANG Donggen, WAN Jinbao. Research progress of lithium extraction technology from salt lake brine[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2023, 55(9): 9-16.

Figures/Tables 9

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盐湖名称	化学组成质量分数/%							镁锂质量比
盐湖名称	Li）	Na⁺	K⁺	Mg²⁺	Cl^-	SO₄^2-	CO₃^2-	镁锂质量比
阿塔卡玛湖	0.15	7.60	1.85	0.960	16.04	1.65	―	6.4
乌尤尼盐湖	0.05	10.80	0.70	0.400	16.70	0.70	0.004 7	8.0
霍姆布雷托盐湖	0.062	9.789	0.617	0.085	15.80	0.853	―	1.37
美国里肯盐湖	0.033	9.63	0.624	0.284	15.25	1.014	―	8.61
西尔斯盐湖	0.008 3	15.20	0.038	0.034	12.39	4.56	2.33	4.1
美国银峰盐湖	0.023	6.20	0.530	0.033	10.61	0.710	―	1.43
美国大盐湖	0.004	8.00	0.65	1.000	14.00	2.00	―	250
以色列死海	0.002	3.00	0.60	3.330	16.00	0.05	―	2 000
青海察尔汗盐湖	0.001 3	5.903	1.00	2.372	16.67	0.53	―	1 825
西藏扎布耶南湖	0.141	11.10	3.16	0.000 4	13.61	3.67	3.26	0.003
西藏扎布耶北湖	0.153	10.30	2.16	0.002	12.37	4.87	2.07	0.01
青海东台吉乃尔	0.085	5.13	1.47	2.990	14.95	4.78	―	35.2
青海西台吉乃尔	0.021	8.252	0.69	1.284	14.97	2.88	―	61.0
青海大柴旦盐湖	0.020	10.60	0.40	1.30	18.70	2.25	―	65.0
青海一里坪盐湖	0.022	6.694	0.91	2.00	16.17	1.14	―	91.0

盐湖名称	主要提锂方法	工艺优点	工艺缺点
阿塔卡玛湖	碳酸盐沉淀法	工艺简单、能耗低、成本低	回收率低、生产周期长、废弃物多
美国银峰湖	碳酸盐沉淀法	工艺简单、能耗低、成本低	回收率低、生产周期长、废弃物多
以色列死海	铝酸盐沉淀法	回收率高、适合高镁锂比卤水	成本高、能耗高、危害性大
霍姆布雷托盐湖	吸附法	选择性好、纯度高	速率慢、吸附剂易损耗、淡水消耗量大
青海察尔汗盐湖	吸附法	选择性好、纯度高	速率慢、吸附剂易损耗、淡水消耗量大
青海东台吉乃尔盐湖	膜电渗析法	设备简单、操作方便	分离效率低、膜寿命短
青海西台吉乃尔盐湖	煅烧法	综合利用率高、工艺成熟	能耗大、环境污染大
青海大柴旦盐湖	萃取法	适应性强、速率快、纯度高	萃取剂昂贵、易溶损、设备易受腐蚀
西藏扎布耶	太阳池法	能耗低、成本低	工艺周期长、地理环境限制大
西藏麻米错	吸附法	选择性好、纯度高	速率慢、吸附剂易损耗
西藏拉果错	吸附法	选择性好、纯度高	速率慢、吸附剂易损耗
西藏捌千错	电化学脱嵌法	速率快、纯度高	成本高、产物需二次处理

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Research progress of lithium extraction technology from salt lake brine

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