粉煤灰中战略金属锂的回收研究进展

doi:10.19964/j.issn.1006-4990.2022-0471

Abstract

Abstract:

With the rapid development of lithium battery industry，the dependence of lithium raw materials on imports in China has increased year by year.Recycling of lithium from fly ash can not only alleviate the serious shortage of lithium supply in China，but also effectively solve the problem of fly ash polluting the environment.On the basis of analyzing and comparing the composition and characteristics of lithium ore，salt lake brine and fly ash，the technology of recovering lithium from fly ash was reviewed from two aspects：leaching and extraction.The lithium leaching process was affected by aluminum leaching process from fly ash，and it was relatively mature at present，mainly including acid leaching and alkaline leaching.The lithium extraction technology was affected by lithium leaching process.The leaching solution from acid leaching process had many impurities，so lithium extraction process was relatively complex，and currently mainly including solvent extraction，calcination-leaching and adsorption method.The leaching solution from alkaline leaching process had few impurities，so lithium extraction process was easy，currently mainly including adsorption method.Because the components of fly ash leaching solution and salt lake brine were similar，it was the main research direction of lithium recovery from fly ash in the future to learn from the experience of lithium extraction from salt lake brine and develop lithium extraction technology suitable for fly ash leaching solution.

Key words: fly ash, lithium, leaching, extraction

CLC Number:

TQ131.11

LIU Darui,XU Lijun,LI Shichun,CAO Kun,TU Ya,LI Wenqing,LIU Qingliang. Research progress of recovery of strategic metal lithium from fly ash[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2023, 55(1): 56-63.

Figures/Tables 10

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排名	国别	储量/万t	全球占比/%
合计		12 828	100.00
1	智利	5 267	41.06
2	澳大利亚	1 839	14.34
3	阿根廷	1 693	13.20
4	中国	810	6.31
5	美国	570	4.44
6	加拿大	369	2.88
7	刚果（金）	363	2.83
8	津巴布韦	243	1.89
9	墨西哥	173	1.35
10	西班牙	79	0.62
其他		1 422	11.09

年份	有效产能/万t	产能利用率/%	产量/ 万t	表观消费量/万t	进口量/ 万t
2017年	21.50	38.60	8.30	11.90	—
2018年	28.60	40.56	11.60	14.50	2.45
2019年	39.20	43.34	16.99	18.80	2.93
2020年	42.50	40.14	17.06	25.10	5.01
2021年	46.20	51.95	24.00	30.34	8.10

方法	工艺	优点	缺点	对浸出液提锂的影响
酸法	直接酸浸工艺	工艺简单，能耗和成本较低	对于锂活性较低的煤粉炉粉煤灰，往往很难获得高的浸出率，只适用于流化床粉煤灰	酸浸液成分复杂，锂的提取比较困难
酸法	烧结活化-酸浸工艺	可用于煤粉炉粉煤灰，获得较高的浸出率	工艺流程长，能耗和成本较高	酸浸液成分复杂，锂的提取比较困难
碱法	预脱硅-烧结-浸出工艺	与传统拜耳法相似，工艺相对成熟	工艺复杂，能耗高，产渣量大	脱硅液、浸出液杂质简单，锂的提取比较容易
其他方法	酸碱联合工艺；多步逆流连续循环碱浸工艺	浸出率较高，能耗低	仍处于实验室小试研究阶段	浸出液杂质元素少，锂的提取比较容易

样品	ρ（Li⁺）/ （mg·L^-1）	ρ（Na⁺）/ （mg·L^-1）	ρ（K⁺）/ （mg·L^-1）	ρ（Mg²⁺）/ （mg·L^-1）	ρ（Ca²⁺）/ （mg·L^-1）	ρ（Al³⁺）/ （mg·L^-1）	n（Mg）/ n（Li）
扎布耶碳酸盐型盐湖卤水^[30]	0.49	72.9	16.6	0.03	0.12	—	0.053
一里坪硫酸盐型盐湖卤水^[30]	0.21	25.8	9.1	12.8	0.16	—	61
察尔汗氯化物型盐湖卤水^[30]	0.03	23.7	12.5	48.9	0.51	—	1 577
粉煤灰酸浸液^[33]	0.39	4.039	3.442	1.859	0.286	92.486	4.77
酸法结晶母液^[34]	0.422	1.5	0.6	3.036	0.986	82.72	7.19
粉煤灰脱硅液^[35]	0.049	101.29	0.724	—	0.031 8	0.453	—
粉煤灰碱浸液^[36]	0.003 8	—	—	—	—	—	—

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Research progress of recovery of strategic metal lithium from fly ash

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