赤泥在建材和复合材料领域应用的研究进展
收稿日期: 2024-12-20
网络出版日期: 2025-03-15
基金资助
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51368015);江西省大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202411319006)
Research progress on utilization of red mud in construction materials and composites
Received date: 2024-12-20
Online published: 2025-03-15
赤泥作为氧化铝生产的主要固体废弃物，因其高堆存量、低利用率和极端的理化性质，对环境造成了巨大压力。随着绿色建筑材料的需求增加，赤泥作为建筑材料的应用潜力逐渐受到关注。近年来，研究人员通过开发和优化新型技术，实现了赤泥在胶凝材料、地质聚合物、陶瓷和路基材料中的有效利用。特别是多废协同处理和工艺优化不仅改善了赤泥的材料性能，也促进了其在建材和复合材料领域的应用。但赤泥的高碱性和重金属含量仍是其大规模应用的关键挑战，未来研究需聚焦于脱碱技术、重金属固化及功能化复合材料的设计。综述了赤泥在绿色建筑材料中的最新研究进展，探讨了复合材料的设计思路及其应用效果，分析了脱碱技术的优化措施，并评估了赤泥利用的经济和环境效益。最后，提出了未来在赤泥资源化利用方面的研究建议，为推动赤泥的工业化应用提供了新的思路。
王正阳 , 俞璐 , 蔡鹏宇 , 张权 , 傅涛 . 赤泥在建材和复合材料领域应用的研究进展[J]. 无机盐工业, 2025 , 57(11) : 10 -22 . DOI: 10.19964/j.issn.1006-4990.2024-0690
Red mud，a major solid waste from alumina production，imposes significant environmental pressures due to its high stockpiles，low utilization rates，and extreme physicochemical properties.With the growing demand for green building materials，the potential use of red mud in construction materials has gained increasing attention.In recent years，researchers have developed and optimized novel technologies to enable the effective utilization of red mud in cementitious materials，geopolymers，ceramics，and road base materials.Notably，through multi-waste synergistic treatment and process optimization，significant improvements have been made in both the material performance of red mud and its sustainable application in the fields of construction and composite materials.However，the high alkalinity and heavy metal content of red mud remain key challenges for its large-scale application.Future research should focus on alkali-reduction technologies，heavy metal immobilization，and the design of functionalized composite materials.The latest research advancements on the use of red mud in green building materials were summarized，the design concepts and application outcomes of composite materials were discussed， optimization measures for alkali-reduction technologies were analyzed and the economic and environmental benefits of red mud utilization were evaluated.Finally，future research directions were proposed to guide the industrial-scale application of red mud，providing new insights for its resource utilization.
| [1] | 薛生国，朱铭星，杨兴旺，等.赤泥激发胶凝材料及路用研究进展［J］.中国有色金属学报，2023，33（10）：3421-3439. |
| XUE Shengguo， ZHU Mingxing， YANG Xingwang，et al.Research progress of bauxite residue-activated cementitious materials and its engineering road application［J］.The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals，2023，33（10）：3421-3439. | |
| [2] | 耿超，郭士会，刘志国，等.赤泥资源化综合利用现状及展望［J］.中国有色冶金，2022，51（5）：37-45. |
| GENG Chao， GUO Shihui， LIU Zhiguo，et al.Current situation and prospect of red mud resource comprehensive utilization［J］.China Nonferrous Metallurgy，2022，51（5）：37-45. | |
| [3] | 刘昌俊，李文成，周晓燕，等.烧结法赤泥基本特性的研究［J］.环境工程学报，2009，3（4）：739-742. |
| LIU Changjun， LI Wencheng， ZHOU Xiaoyan，et al.Study on properties of red mud from sintering process［J］.Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering，2009，3（4）：739-742. | |
| [4] | XIAO Yujia， TIONG M， MO K H，et al.Recycling Bayer and sintering red muds in brick production：A review［J］.Journal of Zhejiang University：Science A，2022，23（5）：335-357. |
| [5] | 齐建召，杨家宽，王梅，等.赤泥做道路基层材料的试验研 究［J］.公路交通科技，2005，22（6）：30-33. |
| QI Jianzhao， YANG Jiakuan， WANG Mei，et al.Experiment research on road base material of red mud［J］.Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development，2005，22（6）：30-33. | |
| [6] | WANG Shaobin， ANG H M， TADé M O.Novel applications of red mud as coagulant，adsorbent and catalyst for environmentally benign processes［J］.Chemosphere，2008，72（11）：1621-1635. |
| [7] | 饶正勇.赤泥中金属元素分析和CTAB/STAB改性赤泥吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的研究［D］.郑州：河南大学，2012. |
| RAO Zhengyong.Analysis the metallic elements of red mud and CTAB/STAB modified red mud adsorption Cr（Ⅵ） reserch［D］.Zhengzhou：Henan University，2012. | |
| [8] | 王梅.赤泥粉煤灰免烧砖的研制［D］.武汉：华中科技大学，2005. |
| WANG Mei.Research on producing non-fired bricks by red mud and fly ash［D］.Wuhan：Huazhong University of Science and Technology，2005. | |
| [9] | OGAWA K， ROY D M.C4A3S? hydration，ettringite formation，and its expansion mechanism：Ⅲ.Effect of CaO，NaOH and NaCl； conclusions［J］.Cement and Concrete Research，1982，12（2）：247-256. |
| [10] | KIM T， KANG C.Investigation of the effect of mixing time on the mechanical properties of alkali-activated cement mixed with fly ash and slag［J］.Materials，2021，14（9）：2301. |
| [11] | 刘晓明，张增起，李宇，等.赤泥在建筑材料和复合高分子材料中的利用研究进展［J］.材料导报，2023，37（10）：15-28. |
| LIU Xiaoming， ZHANG Zengqi， LI Yu，et al.Research progress of utilization of red mud in building materials and geopolymer composites［J］.Materials Reports，2023，37（10）：15-28. | |
| [12] | FUJII A L， DOS REIS TORRES D， DE OLIVEIRA ROMANO R C，et al.Impact of superplasticizer on the hardening of slag portland cement blended with red mud［J］.Construction and Building Materials，2015，101：432-439. |
| [13] | 谢礼兰，邓敏.率值对含磷硅酸盐水泥熟料矿物组成和微观结构的影响［J］.南京工业大学学报（自然科学版），2021，43（4）：473-479. |
| XIE Lilan， DENG Min.Effects of modulus on mineral composition and microstructures of phosphorus-containing Portland cement clinker［J］.Journal of Nanjing Tech University（Natural Science Edition），2021，43（4）：473-479. | |
| [14] | 郝勇，信翔宇，黄永波，等.工业固废赤泥在水泥制备中的应用研究进展［J］.中国粉体技术，2022，28（2）：1-6. |
| HAO Yong， XIN Xiangyu， HUANG Yongbo，et al.Application of industrial solid waste red mud in cement preparation：A review［J］.China Powder Science and Technology，2022，28（2）：1-6. | |
| [15] | HERTEL T， VAN DEN BULCK A， ONISEI S，et al.Boosting the use of bauxite residue（red mud） in cement-Production of an Fe-rich calciumsulfoaluminate-ferrite clinker and characterisation of the hydration［J］.Cement and Concrete Research，2021，145：106463. |
| [16] | 何明达，黄鹏，陆强.赤泥替代铁矿配料生产水泥熟料的实践［J］.四川水泥，2014（7）：33-34. |
| HE Mingda， HUANG Peng， LU Qiang.Practice of producing cement clinker with red mud instead of iron ore ingredients［J］.Sichuan Cement，2014（7）：33-34. | |
| [17] | WANG Shaohan， JIN Huixin， DENG Yong，et al.Comprehensive utilization status of red mud in China：A critical review［J］.Journal of Cleaner Production，2021，289：125136. |
| [18] | SHEN Yuanyuan， LIU Songhui， WANG Yuli，et al.Hydration-hardening properties of low-clinker composite cement incorporating carbonated waste sintering red mud and metakaolin［J］.Construction and Building Materials，2022，354：129171. |
| [19] | 王冠.赤泥基绿色免烧结陶粒的制备试验及性能研究［D］.济南：山东大学，2021. |
| WANG Guan.Preparation of green red mud based sintering-free ceramsites and its performance research［D］.Jinan：Shandong University，2021. | |
| [20] | 陈鑫，吕国志，王坤，等.高铁赤泥提铁尾渣制备硫铝酸盐水泥［J］.材料与冶金学报，2020，19（4）：234-239. |
| CHEN Xin， Guozhi Lü， WANG Kun，et al.Preparation of sulphoaluminate cement from tailings of iron extraction from high iron red mud［J］.Journal of Materials and Metallurgy，2020，19（4）：234-239. | |
| [21] | 张培新.利用赤泥制备硫铝酸盐快硬水泥的研究［J］.环境污染与防治，2000，22（6）：16-18. |
| ZHANG Peixin.Study on preparation of sulphoaluminate quick-hardening cement from red mud［J］.Environmental Pollution & Control，2000，22（6）：16-18. | |
| [22] | IDRISSI M， DIOURI A， DAMIDOT D，et al.Characterisation of iron inclusion during the formation of calcium sulfoaluminate phase［J］.Cement and Concrete Research，2010，40（8）：1314-1319. |
| [23] | HUANG Yongbo， PEI Yan， QIAN Jueshi，et al.Bauxite free iron rich calcium sulfoaluminate cement：Preparation，hydration and properties［J］.Construction and Building Materials，2020，249：118774. |
| [24] | SHEN Yan， CHEN Xi， ZHANG Wei，et al.Influence of ternesite on the properties of calcium sulfoaluminate cements blended with fly ash［J］.Construction and Building Materials，2018，193：221-229. |
| [25] | 夏瑞杰，朱建平，刘少雄，等.赤泥和脱硫石膏制备高贝利特硫铝酸盐水泥熟料［J］.有色金属工程，2017，7（6）：58-63，79. |
| XIA Ruijie， ZHU Jianping， LIU Shaoxiong，et al.Preparation of high belite sulphoaluminate cement clinkers using red mud and desulfurization gypsum［J］.Nonferrous Metals Engineering，2017，7（6）：58-63，79. | |
| [26] | 赵宏伟，李金洪，刘辉.赤泥制备硫铝酸盐水泥熟料的物相组成及水化性能［J］.有色金属，2006（4）：119-123. |
| ZHAO Hongwei， LI Jinhong， LIU Hui.Hydrated properties and mineralogical composition of sulphoaluminate cement clinker made from red mud［J］.Nonferrous Metals，2006（4）：119-123. | |
| [27] | DENER M， KARATAS M， MOHABBI M.Sulfate resistance of alkali-activated slag/Portland cement mortar produced with lightweight pumice aggregate［J］.Construction and Building Materials，2021，304：124671. |
| [28] | 冯向鹏，刘晓明，孙恒虎，等.赤泥大掺量用于胶凝材料的研究［J］.矿产综合利用，2007（4）：35-38. |
| FENG Xiangpeng， LIU Xiaoming， SUN Henghu，et al.Study on the high use ratio of red mud in cementitious material［J］.Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources，2007（4）：35-38. | |
| [29] | 潘志华，方永浩，吕忆农，等.碱矿渣赤泥水泥［J］.水泥工程，2000（1）：53-56，69. |
| PAN Zhihua， FANG Yonghao， Yinong Lü，et al.Slag-redclay cement excited by alkali and its characteristic［J］.Cement Engineering，2000（1）：53-56，69. | |
| [30] | TIAN Kaige， WANG Yanshuai， DONG Biqin，et al.Engineering and micro-properties of alkali-activated slag pastes with Bayer red mud［J］.Construction and Building Materials，2022，351：128869. |
| [31] | GARANAYAK L.Strength effect of alkali activated red mud slag cement in ambient condition［J］.Materials Today：Proceedings，2021，44：1437-1443. |
| [32] | 叶楠.拜耳法赤泥活化预处理制备地聚物及形成强度机理研究［D］.武汉：华中科技大学，2016. |
| YE Nan.Study on the preparation of geopolymer from pertreated bay red mud and mechanism of the strength formation［D］.Wuhan：Huazhong University of Science and Technology，2016. | |
| [33] | SINGH S， ASWATH M U， RANGANATH R V.Effect of mechanical activation of red mud on the strength of geopolymer binder［J］.Construction and Building Materials，2018，177：91-101. |
| [34] | 李长江，管学茂，刘小星，等.拜耳法赤泥与粉煤灰地质聚合物早期水化及机理研究［J］.无机盐工业，2025.Doi：10.19964/j.issn.1006-4990.2024-0521. |
| LI Changjiang， GUAN Xuemao， LIU Xiaoxing，et al.Early hydration and mechanism of Bayer red mud and fly ash geopolymer［J］.Inorganic Chemicals Industry，2025.Doi：10.19964/j.issn.1006-4990.2024-0521. | |
| [35] | YE Nan， YANG Jiakuan， KE Xinyuan，et al.Synthesis and characterization of geopolymer from bayer red mud with thermal pretreatment［J］.Journal of the American Ceramic Society，2014，97（5）：1652-1660. |
| [36] | BERNARDO E， ELSAYED H， MAZZI A，et al.Double-life sustainable construction materials from alkali activation of volcanic ash/discarded glass mixture［J］.Construction and Building Materials，2022，359：129540. |
| [37] | 刘晓明，唐彬文，尹海峰，等.赤泥-煤矸石基公路路面基层材料的耐久与环境性能［J］.工程科学学报，2018，40（4）：438-445. |
| LIU Xiaoming， TANG Binwen， YIN Haifeng，et al.Durability and environmental performance of Bayer red mud-coal gangue-based road base material［J］.Chinese Journal of Engineering，2018，40（4）：438-445. | |
| [38] | MUKIZA E， LIU Xiaoming， ZHANG Lingling，et al.Preparation and characterization of a red mud-based road base material：Strength formation mechanism and leaching characteristics［J］.Construction and Building Materials，2019，220：297-307. |
| [39] | 唐双美，张立明，梁高荣，等.赤泥掺量对水泥稳定碎石基层性能影响［J］.公路，2022，67（4）：91-94. |
| TANG Shuangmei， ZHANG Liming， LIANG Gaorong，et al.Influence of red mud content on performance of cement stabilize macadam base［J］.Highway，2022，67（4）：91-94. | |
| [40] | ZHU Xiaobo， LI Wang， GUAN Xuemao.An active dealkalization of red mud with roasting and water leaching［J］.Journal of Hazardous Materials，2015，286：85-91. |
| [41] | XIAO Yuandan， JIN Huixin， WANG Meilong，et al.Recycling of iron and alumina from red mud after co-sintering with phosphogypsum［J］.Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy，2023，9（1）：408-422. |
| [42] | WANG Yaguang， LIU Xiaoming， TANG Binwen，et al.Effect of Ca/（Si+Al） on red mud based eco-friendly revetment block：Microstructure，durability and environmental performance［J］.Construction and Building Materials，2021，304：124618. |
| [43] | PUERTAS F， PALACIOS M， MANZANO H，et al.A model for the C-A-S-H gel formed in alkali-activated slag cements［J］.Journal of the European Ceramic Society，2011，31（12）：2043-2056. |
| [44] | PARDAL X， BRUNET F， CHARPENTIER T，et al. 27Al and 29Si solid-state NMR characterization of calcium-aluminosilicate-hydrate［J］.Inorganic Chemistry，2012，51（3）：1827-1836. |
| [45] | MEHTA A， SIDDIQUE R.Sustainable geopolymer concrete using ground granulated blast furnace slag and rice husk ash：Strength and permeability properties［J］.Journal of Cleaner Production，2018，205：49-57. |
| [46] | PERERA D S，ALY Z， VANCE E R，et al.Immobilization of Pb in a geopolymer matrix［J］.Journal of the American Ceramic Society，2005，88（9）：2586-2588. |
| [47] | MEDDAH M S， ZITOUNI S， BEL?ABES S.Effect of content and particle size distribution of coarse aggregate on the compressive strength of concrete［J］.Construction and Building Materials，2010，24（4）：505-512. |
| [48] | DEELWAL L， DHARAVATH K， KULSHRESHTHA M，et al.Stabilization of red mud by lime，gypsum and investigating its possible use as a geotechnical material in the civil construction［J］.International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology，2014，7（4）：1238-1244. |
| [49] | MEHER S N， ROUT A K， PADHI B K.Recovery of Al and Na values from red mud by BaO-Na2CO3 sinter process［J］.Journal of Chemistry，2011，8（3）：1387-1393. |
| [50] | KRIVENKO P， KOVALCHUK O， PASKO A，et al.Development of alkali activated cements and concrete mixture design with high volumes of red mud［J］.Construction and Building Materials，2017，151：819-826. |
| [51] | ZHANG Yuliang， LIU Xiaoming， XU Yingtang，et al.Preparation and characterization of cement treated road base material utilizing electrolytic manganese residue［J］.Journal of Cleaner Production，2019，232：980-992. |
| [52] | 耿汝超.水泥赤泥稳定碎石基层材料的路用性能研究［D］.济南：山东建筑大学，2020. |
| GENG Ruchao.Research on road performance of cement red mud stabilized crushed stone base material［D］.Jinan：Shandong Jianzhu University，2020. | |
| [53] | 谭波，刘琦，陈平.钢渣、赤泥、电解锰渣协同制备路基水稳材料及性能研究［J］.武汉理工大学学报，2021，43（8）：51-56. |
| TAN Bo， LIU Qi， CHEN Ping.Study on preparation and properties of subgrade water stabilized materials with steel slag，red mud and electrolytic manganese slag［J］.Journal of Wuhan University of Technology，2021，43（8）：51-56. | |
| [54] | DODOO-ARHIN D， Konadu D S， Annan E，et al.Fabrication and characterisation of ghanaian bauxite red mud-clay composite bricks for construction applications［J］.American Journal of Materials Science，2013，3（5）：110-119. |
| [55] | HE Hongtao， YUE Qinyan， SU Yuan，et al.Preparation and mechanism of the sintered bricks produced from Yellow River silt and red mud［J］.Journal of Hazardous Materials，2012，203-204：53-61. |
| [56] | 冯有利，于立竟，晁钰鸿.氧化铝厂烧结法赤泥制备免烧砖及其性能研究［J］.矿物学报，2013，33（S2）：694. |
| FENG Youli， YU Lijing， CHAO Yuhong.Study on preparation and properties of baking-free brick from red mud by sintering method in alumina plant［J］.Acta Mineralogica Sinica，2013，33（S2）：694. | |
| [57] | XU Yingtang， YANG Bo， LIU Xiaoming，et al.Investigation of the medium calcium based non-burnt brick made by red mud and fly ash：Durability and hydration characteristics［J］.International Journal of Minerals，Metallurgy，and Materials，2019，26（8）：983-991. |
| [58] | 杨家宽，侯健，齐波，等.铝业赤泥免烧砖中试生产及产业化［J］.环境工程，2006，24（4）：52-55，4. |
| YANG Jiakuan， HOU Jian， QI Bo，et al.Pilot-scale production and industrialization of the no-fired bricks from red mud in aluminium industry［J］.Environmental Engineering，2006，24（4）：52-55，4. | |
| [59] | 王梅，杨家宽，侯健.赤泥粉煤灰免烧免蒸砖的原料与制备［J］.矿产综合利用，2005（4）：30-34. |
| WANG Mei， YANG Jiakuan， HOU Jian.Preparation of non-fired and non-steamed bricks by red mud and fly ash［J］.Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources，2005（4）：30-34. | |
| [60] | 南相莉，张廷安，刘燕，等.我国赤泥综合利用分析［J］.过程工程学报，2010，10（S1）：264-270. |
| Xiangli NAN， ZHANG Tingan， LIU Yan，et al.Analysis of comprehensive utilization of red mud in China［J］.The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering，2010，10（S1）：264-270. | |
| [61] | 赵钢.赤泥掺量对粉煤灰加气混凝土性能的影响［J］.当代化工，2022，51（6）：1273-1277. |
| ZHAO Gang.Effect of red mud content on performance of fly-ash aerated concrete［J］.Contemporary Chemical Industry，2022，51（6）：1273-1277. | |
| [62] | 吴波，张德成，张昭忠，等.利用赤泥生产加气混凝土砌块的研究［J］.中国资源综合利用，2005（6）：29-31. |
| WU Bo， ZHANG Decheng， ZHANG Zhaozhong，et al.The study of producing aerated-concrete blocks from red-mud［J］.China Resources Comprehensive Utilization，2005（6）：29-31. | |
| [63] | YAL??N N， SEVIN? V.Utilization of bauxite waste in ceramic glazes［J］.Ceramics International，2000，26（5）：485-493. |
| [64] | PEI Dejian， LI Yu， CANG Daqiang.In situ XRD study on sintering mechanism of SiO2-Al2O3-CaO-MgO ceramics from red mud［J］.Materials Letters，2019，240：229-232. |
| [65] | 李宇，刘月明.我国冶金固废大宗利用技术的研究进展及趋势［J］.工程科学学报，2021，43（12）：1713-1724. |
| LI Yu， LIU Yueming.Progress and trend of bulk utilization technology of metallurgical solid wastes in China［J］.Chinese Journal of Engineering，2021，43（12）：1713-1724. | |
| [66] | ZONG Yanbing， CHEN Wenhui， FAN Yong，et al.Complementation in the composition of steel slag and red mud for preparation of novel ceramics［J］.International Journal of Minerals，Metallurgy，and Materials，2018，25（9）：1010-1017. |
| [67] | 裴德健.利用冶金渣制备硅钙基多元体系陶瓷的机理及应用研究［D］.北京：北京科技大学，2019. |
| PEI Dejian.Study on the mechanism and application of Si-Ca multicomponent ceramics prepared from metallurgical slags［D］.Beijing：University of Science and Technology Beijing，2019. | |
| [68] | WANG Wei， CHEN Weijie， LIU Haitao.Recycling of waste red mud for fabrication of SiC/mullite composite porous ceramics［J］.Ceramics International，2019，45（8）：9852-9857. |
| [69] | LIU Songhui， GUAN Xuemao， ZHANG Saisai，et al.Sintered bayer red mud based ceramic bricks：Microstructure evolution and alkalis immobilization mechanism［J］.Ceramics Internation- al，2017，43（15）：13004-13008. |
| [70] | 丁祥，潘凯凯，彭波，等.熔融发泡法制备赤泥-高铝粉煤灰基多孔陶瓷［J］.硅酸盐学报，2022，50（3）：713-722. |
| DING Xiang， PAN Kaikai， PENG Bo，et al.Preparation of porous ceramics with red mud and high-aluminum fly ash by melting foaming method［J］.Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society，2022，50（3）：713-722. | |
| [71] | MI Hongcheng， YI Longsheng， WU Qian，et al.Preparation of high-strength ceramsite from red mud，fly ash，and bentonite［J］.Ceramics International，2021，47（13）：18218-18229. |
| [72] | 王继娜，徐开东，李志新，等.预热工艺对赤泥陶粒烧成特性及性能的影响［J］.轻金属，2021（5）：21-25. |
| WANG Jina， XU Kaidong， LI Zhixin，et al.Influence of preheating process on the sintering characteristics and properties of red mud ceramsite［J］.Light Metals，2021（5）：21-25. | |
| [73] | 杨会智，孙洪巍，陈昌平，等.烧结法制备赤泥微晶玻璃的研究［J］.轻金属，2007（4）：22-24. |
| YANG Huizhi， SUN Hongwei， CHEN Changping，et al.Preparation of the red mud glass-ceramics by sintering process［J］.Light Metals，2007（4）：22-24. | |
| [74] | 吴建锋，冷光辉，滕方雄，等.熔融法制备赤泥质微晶玻璃的研究［J］.武汉理工大学学报，2009，31（6）：5-8. |
| WU Jianfeng， LENG Guanghui， TENG Fangxiong，et al.Research on red mud glass-ceramics by the melting method［J］.Journal of Wuhan University of Technology，2009，31（6）：5-8. | |
| [75] | 杨家宽，张杜杜，侯健，等.赤泥-粉煤灰微晶玻璃晶化行为研究［J］.材料科学与工艺，2005，13（6）：616-619. |
| YANG Jiakuan， ZHANG Dudu， HOU Jian，et al.Study on crystallization behavior of glass-ceramics mostly made from red mud and fly ash［J］.Materials Science and Technology，2005，13（6）：616-619. | |
| [76] | GAO Y， ZHANG J， CHEN C，et al.Functional biochar fabricated from waste red mud and corn straw in China for acidic dye wastewater treatment［J］.Journal of Cleaner Production，2021，320：128887. |
| [77] | KAZAK O，TOR A.In situ preparation of magnetic hydrochar by co-hydrothermal treatment of waste vinasse with red mud and its adsorption property for Pb（Ⅱ） in aqueous solution［J］.Journal of Hazardous Materials，2020，393：122391. |
| [78] | DING Chong， ZHANG Youpeng， ZHANG Na，et al.A new insight into utilization of red mud in poly（vinyl chloride） composites via surface modification and toughening modulation to attain performance optimization［J］.Construction and Building Materials，2022，333：127340. |
| [79] | WANG Xinke， ZHANG Na， ZHANG Yihe，et al.Composite plates utilizing dealkalized red mud，acid leaching slag and dealkalized red mud-fly ash：Preparation and performance comparison［J］.Construction and Building Materials，2020，261：120495. |
| [80] | BISWAS S， PATNAIK A， KAUNDAL R.Effect of red mud and copper slag particles on physical and mechanical properties of bamboo-fiber-reinforced epoxy composites［J］.Advances in Mechanical Engineering，2012，4：141248. |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
