粉煤灰高附加值利用研究进展

doi:10.11962/1006-4990.2020-0284

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

粉煤灰是火电厂燃煤过程中产生的固体残渣, 其成分复杂, 具有毒性, 若处理不当会对环境造成危害。因此, 粉煤灰的高附加值利用迫在眉睫。然而, 粉煤灰的品质是制约其高附加值利用的主要因素。目前, 中国粉煤灰品质参差不齐, 缺少完善的品质评价体系, 由此造成粉煤灰利用领域的局限性。针对上述问题, 首先分析了中国粉煤灰的资源化特性, 总结了粉煤灰的品质评价方法, 并重点阐述了适用于粉煤灰高附加值利用的品质评价方法;其次, 详细介绍了粉煤灰高附加值利用技术（高附加值提取技术、高附加值材料制备技术）;最后, 对粉煤灰高附加值利用的发展趋势做出了展望。

关键词: 粉煤灰, 品质评价, 高附加值利用

Abstract:

Coal fly ash is the solid residue produced in the process of coal combustion in thermal power plant.Its composition is complex and it is toxic.If mishandled, it will cause damage to environment.However, the utilization rate of coal fly ash is very low and mostly concentrated in low added value areas.Therefore, the high added value utilization of coal fly ash is very imminent.However, the quality of coal fly ash is the main factor restricting its high value-added utilization.At present, the quality of coal fly ash in China is uneven and there is a lack of perfect quality evaluation system, which leads to the limitations in the field of utilization of coal fly ash.In view of the above problems, the resource characteristics of China′s coal fly ash was analyzed firstly, the quality evaluation methods of coal fly ash was summarized and the quality evaluation methods suitable for high added value utilization of coal fly ash is discussed emphatically.Secondly, the high added value utilization technology of coal fly ash（high added value extraction technology, high added value materials preparation technology） is introduced in detail.Finally, the development trend of high added value utilization of coal fly ash is prospected as follows：1）A comprehensive analysis of the influence parameters and interrelations of the quality of coal fly ash, the research on the relationship of components, structure, shape and other quality characteristics with the performance of coal fly ash, the improvement of the classification system of coal fly ash, the establishment of quality evaluation method suitable for the high added value utilization of the coal fly ash;2）The research and development of green, low-cost and efficient integrated technology should be strengthened, such as the extraction of valued elements from the dust ash.The high value conversion of the ash ladder will be achieved.Based on the life cycle assessment, its feasibility and long-term economic and environmental impact should be studied;3）The state′s policy support for the high added value utilization of coal fly ash should be increased to encourage ash-producing enterprises to actively deal with and utilize coal fly ash and promote the industrialization application of high added value utilization technology.

Key words: coal fly ash, quality evaluation, high added value utilization

中图分类号:

TQ536.4

冯文丽,吕学斌,熊健,刘超,于志昊,张蕊. 粉煤灰高附加值利用研究进展[J]. 无机盐工业, 2021, 53(4): 25-31.

Feng Wenli,Lv Xuebin,Xiong Jian,Liu Chao,Yu Zhihao,Zhang Rui. Research progress of high added value utilization of coal fly ash[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2021, 53(4): 25-31.

图/表 2

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表2

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高附加值利用方向	粉煤灰类型及其子类型
合成地质聚合物	S, S-HA	P, I, I-MP, M
合成莫来石材料	S	P, I, I-MP, M
合成石英-方石英-鳞石英	S	P, I, I-MP, M
合成沸石	S, S-HA	P, P-HP
催化剂	FS, FCS	A, A-LP, M
微晶玻璃	CS, FS, FCS	A, M
提取铝	S, S-HA	I-LP
提取陶瓷微珠和无机微珠	S	I, M
提取C	S, CS, FS	P, I, A
提取Fe-Mn馏分中的部分微量元素	FS, FS-LA, FCS	A, A-LP
提取重质馏分中的微量元素	S, CS, FS, FCS	P, I, A, M
提取水溶性微量元素	CS, FS, FCS	A, A-LP, M
耐火材料	S, S-HA	I, I-LP, M

有价元素	方法	优点	缺点
铝	石灰石烧结法	工艺简单, 易于操作	石灰石用量大, 高温耗能, 硅渣产量大
	碱石灰烧结法	烧结温度较低, 烧结效率高	钠盐用量大, 硅渣产量大
	酸浸出法	残渣量少, 能同时浸出硅、铝及其他元素	浸出率低, 对提铝设备要求较高, 废酸产量大
	碱浸出法	工艺简单, 铝的提取率和纯度较高	浸出率低、碱耗量大
硅	酸浸法	工艺较成熟, 可以同时提取硅和铝	酸用量大, 设备易腐蚀, 产生的废气污染环境
	碱溶法	能耗低, 成本较低	提取率低, 提取困难, 碱会造成二次污染
	酸碱联合法	原料可以循环利用, 废渣排放量低	工艺复杂, 能耗高
镓、锗、锂等稀散金属元素	浸出法	浸出效果较好	不适用于高硅铝比的粉煤灰, 能耗较高
	萃取法	提取产品的纯度高	萃取剂容易流失并污染提取液
	吸附法	操作较简单	部分吸附剂价格昂贵, 工艺成本较高

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